Oppressed Rights by the Oppressive Regime in Margaret Atwood’s the Handmaid’s Tale Essay Essay Example

Persecuted Rights by the Oppressive Regime in Margaret Atwood’s the Handmaid’s Tale Essay Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale digs great into the horrendous idea of most extreme control and indecent limitations in indicating the degenerate religious specialists at huge. also, more explicitly the outcome this control has on the society’s grown-up females. During a time where a newly developed and unmerciful administrative framework called the Republic of Gilead has â€Å"put life back to the in the middle of ages. † started by a broad dread of sterility. individual flexibility and independence have become unimaginably diminished ( Genny 1 ) . Handmaids chose to populate in the places of well-to-do. all around regarded duos experience a real existence entirely structured by the experts for the elite aim of bearing children. Gotten between following the thorough guidelines made for grown-up females by the Republic and interfering with them in mystery for the enthusiasm of her mental soundness. the supporter Offred fundamentally yet non intentionally offers near nil for her society’s advantage. Not permitted to peruse. create. talk her thoughts or even look another in the oculus. the most she can offer ends up being incidental. very much observed food showcase tasks and the little chance of providing the endowment of life for a choose Commanding official and his Wife. Corresponding to an oppressed world in which Offred has been deprived of the most shortsighted remittances. grown-up females in today’s arranged Middle Eastern social orders find relatively equivalent difficulty in utilizing their qualities because of the horrendous concealment and constrained development of their everyday lives. We will compose a custom exposition test on Oppressed Rights by the Oppressive Regime in Margaret Atwood’s the Handmaid’s Tale Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Oppressed Rights by the Oppressive Regime in Margaret Atwood’s the Handmaid’s Tale Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Oppressed Rights by the Oppressive Regime in Margaret Atwood’s the Handmaid’s Tale Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Notwithstanding the changing setting of these two situations. the two of them present themselves hazardously in noticeable radiation of women’s individual fight to loan in societyâ€in both Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and the cutting edge Middle East. evidently untrustworthy yet most extreme religious specialists practices representations of such drastically unformed power over its kin that the turn of events and disparaging of the common privileges of grown-up females become winning. Yet, on what confirmations should the male residents of the Republic of Gilead and those in today’s outside networks be allowed more discharge and possibility while the grown-up females are held progressively kept of their ain independency? As Offred ends up caught in such a preposterously limited living situation. she naturally perceives the current inadequacy of accessible unrestrained choice since she one time recognized what opportunity closely resembled. For outline. in obstruction of her readiness as a hireling with the Aunts. she can non help yet move her ind back to the pre-Republic yearss â€Å"thousands of mature ages previously. † when she and individual females could truly make a trip to class and ticker â€Å"movies of the rest of the world† that even included â€Å"dancing [ . ] vocalizing. stately covers. [ and music ] . † plainly taking topographic point in a land where â€Å"people†¦were happy† ( Atwood 118 ) . Offred each piece great as different workers in her topographic point fundamentally suffer inside their reality by looking to keep a thankfulness on the recollections of such benefits they one time underestimated. for example, existent broadcasting to propel quality guidance. On the other hand of populating the obviously expansive existence of chance that was one time accessible to Offred and existed in her place and school life. such a dream has been taken off by the specialists and exists now simply in her memory. as the Aunts present to her and the other potential workers a legislature endorsed film with â€Å"the rubric and [ few ] names blacked out†¦with a pastel so [ they ] couldn’t read them†Ã¢â‚¬another representation of a ridiculous restriction. perusing. that could hold imparted productive prospects in the leader of a grown-up female ( Atwood 119 ) . In add-on. as though the recognition of authorized guidance and other past occasions were non bounty a reason for longing. Offred other than reviews the brave. approving mixers of her late adored onesâ€particularly her female parent whom she spots in the film. â€Å"wearing such an outfit Aunt Lydia told [ the workers ] was run of the mill of Unwomen in those days† while â€Å"smiling. laughing†¦and raising [ her ] clench hands in the air† ( Atwood 119 ) . To observe such a wild and free soul in real life. that one time was took into consideration grown-up females however has been authoritatively restricted by the radical Christian followerss of the Republic of Gilead. without a doubt starts a profound allure inside hirelings to emerge against this approval bring bringing down such â€Å"unacceptable losingss of sane liberty† ; by and by. such an allurement ends up being a test to indict for some grown-up females today ( Tolan 1 ) . While the underlying guidelines of Islam endeavored to better life conditions for Muslim grown-up females by permitting them a portion of indistinguishable rights from work powers in the seventh century. grown-up females become unequipped for support these rights when their general public endeavors to actualize the â€Å"laws† of the Islamic confidence. portrayed by the Columbia University teachers who composed At the Crossroads of the World: Womans in the Middle East: Today. numerous Muslim grown-up females do non hold the opportunity to lounge rights one time considered theirs by their confidence. Womans might be ignorant of their privileges or live in social orders where these rights have been misjudged or distorted by people in power ( be it the region. human advancement. or then again family ) . In Moslem states around the universe. there is a cardinal contrast between what is recommended by profound writings and what is truly drilled. an inlet between the perfect and the existent ( Esposito 1998. thirteen ) . Regularly. the as far as anyone knows ‘religiously grounded’ restrictions put on grown-up females inside specific social orders have little or nil to make with the directions of Islam. All the more much of the time they are a guide of financial and political variables. Late representations of such restrictions included Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. which disallowed grown-up females from having clinical going to from guys and put different constraints on their movement in open ( Revolutionary Association of the Women in Afghanistan ) ( Crocco. Pervez. furthermore, Katz 110 ) . Probably. these grown-up females are allowed with the similarity that they have authentic opportunities. when in fact their specialists disallows this executing with the bogus defense that it just fits in with the Islamic confidence. The workers and every grown-up female moreover administered by the Republic of Gilead correspondingly should follow the guidelines of the administration that professes to be runing for the sake of the Christian religion with an end goal to formalize its prohibitive part. Thusly. no request exists regarding how Offred turns out to be â€Å"increasingly imprudent with her activities and practices. † or to why in the terminal â€Å"there is the solid chance that her imprudence has cost her life† ( Genny 1 ) . Most emphatically does Offred’s situation appear to be out of line when she in the long run encounters a little gustatory impression of the common opportunity she one time had yet at the same time merits. Since it is obviously a â€Å"oasis of the prohibited. † she needs to force herself to â€Å"hold†¦absolutely rigid† when the Commander welcomes her into his beyond the field of play individual turf to play a round of Scrabble. something innocuous. however restricted. Regardless of â€Å" [ T ] he truth that [ she’s ] frightened. † Offred still perceives that â€Å"this is opportunity [ ; ] an eyeblink of it. † as though â€Å"he were offering her drugs† ( Atwood 138-139 ) . While Atwood infers in her novel that â€Å"feminist Utopianism can non maintain a strategic distance from the pollution of autocracy. † she utilizes the build of insubordination in that Offred can support her common tendencies to truly loll herself through interfering with the guidelines ( Tolan 30 ) . Likewise for the grown-up females in Iraq. the Ba’ath Party that rose in 1963 looked for commissariats for women’s correspondence. counting the autonomies of guidance and business ; by the by. outside the major urban focal point of Baghdad. â€Å"the society despite everything consigned Iraqi grown-up females to an extremely substandard spot versus men† ( Brown and Romano 1 ) . To keep two next networks with such differentiating methods of directing grown-up females is seemingly beliing and thus. a reason for concern. At last. grown-up females have shortsightedly regular rights that should non to be rendered at all. especially by unlawful religious authoritiess. Under no fortunes are the rights to accept. assurance. perusing. also, making. among numerous others. fit for being prohibited reasonably. notwithstanding sexual orientation. With such autonomies. grown-up females convey incredible conceivable in loaning to society. notwithstanding the chance of sterility or drastically otherworldly devotionâ€and in a bunch of occasions. that part can be basic. Today in Iraq. a grown-up female can non have private effects or keep any position. while compelled to surrender her guidance and get m

Explain Aristotles Understanding of the Four Causes free essay sample

Clarify Aristotle’s comprehension of the four causes. In contrast to his instructor, Plato, Aristotle accepted that the world could be clarified by physical perception. This methodology of utilizing the five detects, listing and ordering, is the establishment of logical investigation. The methodology is known as observation. Plato accepted that we expected to look past the physical for a clarification of the universe in the appearance of the World of Forms. Aristotle couldn't help contradicting this. Aristotle’s comprehension of the four causes starts with the presumption that is available in all Greek way of thinking, the thought of prior issue. He watched his general surroundings and saw that it was in a condition of steady movement, a development from probability to fact This development from possibility to reality lead Aristotle to the end that there are organizes in causation. He called these the four causes: Material, Efficient, Formal and Final causes. He comprehended that every one of the four makes was important clarify the change from possibility to reality. We will compose a custom exposition test on Clarify Aristotles Understanding of the Four Causes or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page His first reason, the material, clarified what the item or thing being depicted was produced using. Aristotle utilized the case of a bronze model and a silver saucer. Bronze or silver for this situation would be the material reason. Be that as it may, articles can have more than one material reason. Take for instance my PC. It is made of wires, plastic, amalgams and different materials. These things become the material reason for my PC. His subsequent reason was the proficient aim. To proceed Aristotle’s form thought this was the manner by which the marble was moved from its condition of possibility to turning into the real marble sculpture. An etch, mallet and stone carver essentially yet additionally a fabric or water maybe so as to change the material into the shape required. My laptop’s productive reason may shift from machines and individuals to plastic molds and screwdrivers. The third reason takes the proper state of the article or what the item really resembles, for instance the state of the article, the shading, the weight, the thickness of the item. For instance the conventional reason for my PC is a rectangular shape, very overwhelming, dark and silver, and has a screen and a console. In conclusion as far as his comprehension of causation, the last reason for a thing or article was its motivation (telos). The reason for the sculpture is tasteful in that it is appreciated; the motivation behind my PC is to assist me with accomplishing my function admirably. Aristotle utilizes the case of wellbeing being the reason for strolling, Why does one walk? he asks, that one might be sound. This is maybe the most significant of the considerable number of causes. However his comprehension doesn't end here. When something has accomplished a condition of reality it is additionally in a condition of possibility. In this sense we can see that Aristotle saw that the universe was moving continually between ‘potentiality’ to ‘actuality’ back to ‘potentiality’ indeed. This thought expected Aristotle to clarify things further still in light of the fact that all together for this hypothesis to work it must clarify everything known to man, including the universe itself. It is the Prime Mover that completes Aristotle’s comprehension of the four causes. The Prime Mover turns into the proficient and last reasons for the universe. Its ‘action’ known to man is latent. It exists in a condition of ‘pure actuality’ unequipped for change, just pondering its own reality. This is Aristotle’s god. Things are pulled in towards the flawlessness found inside its ‘pure actuality’. This is the reason the Prime Mover is known as the incredible attractor. Items that move from possibility to reality satisfy their motivation on the grounds that their change is achieved through the presence of the Prime Mover. This is the manner by which Aristotle clarified the last reason for the universe as articles known to man moved towards their reality. To finish up, Aristotle comprehended the four causes as a development from possibility to reality. This development through material, formal, effective and last causes was at last realized by the Prime Mover.

The Pharaoh Who Was Called Akh Essays - Amarna Period, Akhenaten

The Pharaoh Who Was Called Akh The Pharaoh Who Was Called Akhenaten By Weave Disherman An exploration paper submitted to Mr. Touma in halfway satisfaction of the prerequisites for World Cultures Charlotte Country Day School Charlotte, North Carolina November 20, 2000 Akhenaten will consistently be recognized as an incredible blasphemer ruler, who removed customary Egyptian religions, and invoked a monotheistic religion that is exceptionally close in nature to Christianity and Judaism. His political force was not his solid point, however with the making of the religion, and the tremendous change in works of art, Akhenaten will never be overlooked. Amenhotep IV, the name Akhenaten was brought into the world with, was the child of the Pharaoh Amenhotep III and Amenhotep III's second spouse Tiye (Vansten 6). Amenhotep III was the extraordinary grandson of the acclaimed overcome Thutmose III (Editora, ?Part I? 1), who had increased tremendous measures of land and regard from North Africa and the Middle East, and in light of the fact that he was, the wonder that his extraordinary granddad delivered, was laid onto him (Redford 34). In this way, his job in Egypt was to some degree reduced in light of the fact that he achieved no extraordinary triumphs or wars, yet he commanded the intensity of the individuals, and caused them to accept that he was the Sun King (Redford 34). In any case, one of his most critical thoughts was the presentation of co-regime, (Aldred 178) which everlastingly changed the way that Pharaohs would run the show. Amenhotep III first marriage was marginally phenomenal in quite a while. Ordinarily, a pharaoh would not be permitted to wed an ordinary citizen, yet that is actually what Amenhotep III did, he hitched Tiye (Editora, ?Part 1? 1), a young lady from the Middle Egypt whose father was an outsider named Yuya (Redford 36). Tiye was ?the Great King's Wife until one of their little girls, Sat-amun, was raised higher then she was (Redford 36). During this marriage, Amenhotep III and Tiye created two young men and six young ladies (Redford 36). Amenhotep IV was the second of the young men, and was conceived c. 1385 BC (Redford 36) Aminadab, the Hebrew equivalent to Amenhotep, lived and was instructed in the eastern delta locale, where Egyptian ministers of Ra showed him Amun, and the other significant gods, for example, Aten (Vansten 6). After he was instructed in the eastern delta district, he went to live in Thebes for his high school years (Redford 24-25). Very little is thought about his high school or juvenile years, yet numerous researchers accept that during his stay in Thebes, he got engaged with a Ra faction, that adored the god Amun. Many accept this is the place Amenhotep IV started to have confidence in the iconology, for example, the sun circle (Redford 170). During this time span, around 1368 BC, Amenhotep III turned out to be truly sick, and couldn't keep overseeing Egypt without assistance (Vansten 6). Therefor, Amenhotep IV, who was the main male still in the direct inherited line, sense his more seasoned sibling was dead, was articulated to wed Nefertiti, who was the little girl of Ay and Tey (Redford 222). Nefertiti was a niece of Tiye and Ay was a dear companion of Amenhotep III, so it would effectively come that Nefertiti and Amenhotep IV should lead as a co-official until the passing of Amenhotep III, so that the ?force could be buttressed? (Aldred 170). There is some theory during the co-rule, concerning whether Nefertiti held a higher position then Amenhotep IV, yet it is realized that when Amenhotep III kicked the bucket, Amenhotep IV took over as Pharaoh, with Nefertiti being his main sovereign (Aldred 178). In the wake of assuming responsibility for the seat in 1346, Amenhotep IV moved the city of rule from Thebes to another city called Armana (Akhen-taten)(Giuliano 2). As far as anyone knows, Armana was the main spot in Egypt where the ?old? religion had not corrupted it (Hawkins ?Who 1), and where the characteristic environmental factors delineated the city with a sun-circle like structure (Aldred 269). It took him a record four years to bring the whole capital bureau, sculptures, and resident populace from the old city to the new (Ross 3). Once Amenhotep IV had subsided into his new city, he changed his name from Amenhotep IV to Akhenaten, in acknowledgment of the sun god Aten in 1344 BC (Hawkins Akhenaten's Life 2). Therefore started the deconstruction time frame for old Egyptian polytheistic religions. After Akhenaten disavowed

Quality Assurance and Software Testing Certifications

Quality Assurance and Software Testing Certifications At the point when we consider IT (data innovation) we will in general spotlight on improvement, system, and database issues. Its simple to overlook that before sending work out to the client, there is a critical go between. That individual or group is quality affirmation (QA). QA comes in numerous structures, from the engineer who tests her own code, to the testing masters who work with mechanized testing devices. Numerous sellers and gatherings have perceived testing as a necessary piece of the turn of events and support process and have created affirmations to normalize and show information on the QA procedure and testing apparatuses. Merchants That Offer Testing Certifications Objective Empirix Merchant Neutral Testing Certifications ISTQB Certified Tester, Foundation Level (CTFL) -  The Foundation Level capability is focused on experts who need to show useful information on the essential ideas of programming testing. This remembers individuals for jobs, for example, test architects, test examiners, test engineers, test advisors, test supervisors, client acknowledgment analyzers and IT Professionals.The Foundation Level capability is likewise suitable for any individual who needs a fundamental comprehension of programming testing, for example, venture administrators, quality chiefs, programming advancement directors, business experts, IT executives, and the board consultants.Quality Improvement Associate Certification (CQIA) - The Certified Quality Improvement Associate has an essential information on quality devices and their uses and is engaged with quality improvement ventures, yet doesnt fundamentally originate from a conventional quality area.Certified Test Manager (CTM) - The CTM Certification was created dependent on the Test Management Body of Knowledge (TMBOK) to fill the hole in the administration abilities required by test supervisors and test prompts viably deal with the test procedure, the test venture and the test organization.â Guaranteed Software Test Professional (CSTP) - CSTP is the short structure for â€Å"Certified Software Test Professional. This was started by International Institute for Software Testing (IIST) in 1991, thus far has been fruitful in improving the vocation of thousands of competitors by giving the expert range of abilities to programming application testing. This accreditation program could be taken by any newcomer in the testing field just as for the chiefs and pioneers in the testing field.Six Sigma Black Belt Certification (CSSBB) - The Certified Six Sigma Black Belt is an expert who can clarify Six Sigma ways of thinking and standards, including supporting frameworks and devices. A Black Belt ought to exhibit group administration, comprehend group elements and relegate colleague jobs and obligations. Dark Belts have an exhaustive comprehension of all parts of the DMAIC model as per Six Sigma standards. They have fundamental information on Lean venture ideas, can distingu ish non-esteem included components and exercises and can utilize explicit devices. Guaranteed Software Quality Analyst (CSQA) - Prove your level capability as a director or counsel with regards to IT standards and practices of value confirmation when you become Certified Software Quality Analyst affirmed. In spite of the fact that this rundown is short, the connections above go to locales that offer more specialty affirmations for you to investigate. Those recorded here are regarded in IT and are an unquestionable requirement have for anybody thinking about a passage into the universe of testing and Quality Assurance.

Wayexplain How the Relationship Between an Organisation’s Structure and Culture Can Impact on the Performance of the Business

Character Analysis As we as a whole realized that the characters driving people groups practices and thought. As far as characters impacted by condition and support, from one perspective, individuals don't accept that characters will influence when their settle on choice, one the other hand, characters will likewise decide people groups work position or the degrees of life later on. Presently, let us talk concerning why characters are significant in our life. Despite you accept that or not, characters are your name and when you fall in a difficult situation or something happened that characters will cause you to foresee your act.Even you are meeting new individuals, through the subtleties when you are taking about that will help you making the levels about the individual rapidly. Truth be told, the entirety of the subtleties are reflect of people groups characters with the goal that we are making character investigation ordinary. In this paper I might want talk about my own character s and examination it. At first, I will discuss my own positive characters. Coincidentally, my name is Mouzhi-youthful and my name was given to me by my granddad. He need to me become an insight and desire individual. Obviously, youthful is my family name.I am an agreeable man and I delight help other people. At the point when my companions get in a tough situation I generally the primary man is chosen to. Then again I think my great quality comprise by resolve. What I am chosen I never surrender. That implies I will attempt my best to do. Now and again my companions think I am a neurosis. Opposite, I additionally have some negative characters. Somewhat due to my name, my folks need to me become a helpful and effective man so they have a lot of wish for me. At the point when I was a kid, they request me go to a great deal obviously in the free time.I do dont realize for what reason am I need to invest such a great amount of energy to examine. At that point, I surmise I despise study and I totally recognize that the genuine articles are would what you like to do. So I surmise I am an optimist. The explanation is I do dont care about others brain and I simply care about myself. I wont place myself in a tough situation. I think it isn't narrow minded and it is simply the official method to secure. Essentially, I delight help my companions and I generally do that. It is some of the time I just dont realize how to manage the relationship with others so I make the contrary method to do that is attempt to decrease correspondence with others.There is significant model about myself that I dont feel like make others obviously think about me. Close by, I apprehensive that other thought about me a lot because of I am bad at clarify and I likewise despise clarify. I never at any point attempt to think about others insider facts, so I am wish others would give me a free. From that point forward, I surmise I am excessively enthusiastic and touchy. I will profile everything in my life. It is implies I obsessed with make sense of all that it. g

The Gendered Identity Politics Behind the “I” in Life Isnt All Ha Ha Hee Hee and The Hope Chest - Literature Essay Samples

The tumultuous journey towards the search for identity is a trajectory that many characters deal with in novels. Likewise, this struggle forms a big part of Meera Syal’s Life Isn’t All Ha Ha Hee Hee and Rukhsana Ahmad’s The Hope Chest, as both depict the growing up stories of a group of women. In Life Isn’t All Ha Ha Hee Hee, Tania, Chila and Sunita are three friends who have to navigate between their natal Punjabi culture and the opposing values of the British world that they live in. Eventually, they are able to find their own unique identities through a return to their natal culture. Things do not go so well in The Hope Chest – while Rani manages to break away from an arranged marriage and assert her own agency, Ruth ends up a mentally unstable single mother, and Reshma is forced to leave her children and family after having an unauthorised abortion. When compared to the things that these characters go through, the struggles that Tania, Chila and Sunita have to contend with almost seem to be solved too easily. Ahmad’s portrayal of the female identity struggle in The Hope Chest suggests that Syal’s depiction may be an overly simplistic generalisation, one that largely glosses over the debilitating effects that a patriarchal society can have on the female identity. While Syal’s protagonists face crises that are brought on by the destabilising of their identities, Ahmad’s characters start off with little to no personal identity. For instance, in Life Is Not All Ha Ha Hee Hee, Tania initially appears to reject her natal culture completely, breaking â€Å"loose from her traditional moorings and drift[ing] into an uncharted ocean with her English man and snappy Soho job† (Syal 18). She lives a life that does not follow â€Å"the ordained patterns for a woman of her age, religion, height and income bracket† within the Punjabi culture (15). Tania’s identity seems to be based off of Western values that are completely against those of her maternal culture, but it is later revealed that she is not as detached from the latter as she thinks she is. This can be seen in the way Chila notes that Tania still â€Å"[sits] like one with them, [†¦] in a way that suggest[s] [†¦] that part of her still respond[s] to th em like Home† (19). In unconscious moments, Tania falls back to her natal culture – her identity, which she has formed on a completely separate sphere from Punjabi culture, starts to be destabilised throughout the novel as she realises that she cannot completely separate herself from her maternal culture. For instance, she wishes that her boyfriend, Martin, â€Å"would call her jaan† (72), a Punjabi endearment. This suggests that Tania still yearns for the maternal culture that she has tried so hard to distance herself from, implying that the completely Westernised identity she has formulated for herself may just be that – a synthetic formulation instead of an authentic identity. However, despite the characters’ struggles with reconstructing their identities in Life Is Not All Ha Ha Hee Hee, it is notable that they still start off with some form of identity at the beginning of the story. In contrast, the characters in The Hope Chest are portrayed as ones with no personal identity at all; who they are is completely dictated by their gender and what society thinks that women should be like. For example, Ruth is described by her mother as having â€Å"no words, no dreams, no drive, [and] no ambition, [†¦] reeking of the same greyness that had hung about her father† (Ahmad 25). She is depicted as someone with no colour of her own, possessing none of the qualities that could possibly define her as a unique person with her own thoughts and values. The female identity exists in The Hope Chest as a collective group identity instead of a unique individual one; within the patriarchal Pakistani society, women are expected to act in a certain and singu lar way. When Kamal, Rani’s husband, goes to her on their wedding night, he thinks to himself that â€Å"Rani’s person is so un-woman like! Almost as if she were sexless!† (182). Here, the idea that a woman has to be â€Å"woman like† suggests that society has its own set of rules for what it means to be a female. Rather than each having unique personalities befitting individual persons, women are simply expected to act like women – they are seen as a collective, homogeneous whole instead of unique individuals. As seen from the way Reshma’s father, Ajaib Khan, worries that her prospective husband â€Å"might hear of some other marriageable girl in Mardan, as pretty as Reshma, and change his mind† (42), women are interchangeable subjects with no individual quality. Aside from being a woman, the oppressive patriarchal society allows them to have no personal identity. Compared to Rani, Ruth and Reshma, who have their identities dictated for them by society, Tania, Chila and Sunita have much more agency when it comes to shaping their own identities. When Sunita decides to figure out her identity and starts â€Å"putting unnatural colours in [her] hair, going out a lot and coming back late† (Syal 242), she is mostly free to do whatever she wants; she does not receive any backlash for any of her actions, such as when her parents do â€Å"not even [refer] to her bright red mini-dress† (278), a provocative choice of dressing that would usually be frowned upon in their culture. Similarly, Chila’s split from her husband, Deepak, is glossed over and barely spoken of in the text. The last time Chila is mentioned, she is â€Å"fe[eling] light as air, solitary† (333). While Chila is a deeply traditional woman at the beginning of the novel, with her â€Å"tomorrows [†¦] built around a Deepak† (160), she manages to trans ition fluidly into a lone identity that is not tied around the idea of her husband. The end of her marriage has seemingly liberated her, as she plans to take her son to India, her home country, alone (333). The novel paints her current status as a single mother as something that is wholly positive, ending the story on a simple happy ending for the women, which fails to address the issues that they may face for acting outside of the cultural norms that are expected of women in society. Ahmad complicates Syal’s sanitised depiction of the female search for identity by portraying how women can have a complete lack of agency in a patriarchal society. While Sunita has free control over her body and can freely communicate her identity through it, that is not the case for the women in The Hope Chest. Reshma’s mother, Rehmat Bibi, agrees to the marriage arrangement for Reshma as she thinks that â€Å"girls belong not to their parents but to the one who comes to marry them† (Ahmad 75). Notably, women are seen as objects that always belong to someone – first their parents, then their husbands. This is also seen through the way Ajaib Khan gets upset when Rani takes his sick daughter, Munni, to the hospital, angry â€Å"at the imperious way in which Rani Bibi had taken control of Munni, who was his daughter and, therefore, only his business† (38). He is upset that someone else has taken control over what he sees as his property, instead of be ing more concerned for his daughter. When Reshma appeals to Shehzadi to help her â€Å"get rid of [her new baby]† (210), it is an act of agency; she decides what to do with her own body. However, the novel suggests that acts of agency such as this come with dire consequences for women, as they are in fact acting on something that does not belong to them. In the end, Reshma is banished from â€Å"[her husband], from her children and her home†, and sent back to her parents’ house (Ahmad 271). Her fate is described to be an â€Å"exile†, and her abortion a crime for which her husband has â€Å"tried her, condemned her and punished her† (271). This suggests that even by exercising agency over her own body, Reshma is committing a crime against the patriarchal society, which decrees that her body is not hers. Unlike Tania, Sunita and Chila, who are able to formulate new identities in a fluid transition, Reshma is unable to do so, as she does not even have any rights to herself. While there are patriarchal values that permeate the Punjabi culture in Life Is Not All Ha Ha Hee Hee, the characters interact with them self-consciously – they are always aware of the limitations that the patriarchal culture places on them and question those values. For instance, Sunita is very much aware of the gender dynamics within the Punjabi culture, from the way she notices â€Å"the way men would [†¦] wait to be served while the women ran in clucking circles around them† (Syal 82). She, however, does not mindlessly accept this subservient dynamic between men and women, instead championing female empowerment by getting â€Å"heavily involved with the Uni Women’s Group† in her university, advocating the idea of a â€Å"strong female†(87). She questions the validities of the values that are being instilled in her, and is not afraid to fight for women’s rights when she realises that she does not agree with those values. Similarly, wh en Sunita cracks a dirty joke about the doli suit that she got from her husband’s mother on their wedding day, Tania teasingly calls her a â€Å"bad Indian woman† (21), implying her awareness that the so-called good women of their culture are not supposed to make sexual jokes. However, they ignore this unspoken cultural rule, thereby recognising it as an arbitrary rule instead of an inherent one that must be followed, and not allowing it to control who they are as people. In making her characters clearly aware of how patriarchal society works and giving them the abilities to act outside of these gendered norms, Syal neglects the fact that not all women are capable of resisting the mandates of society. According to Louis Althusser, every person goes through a process called â€Å"interpellation†, in which an individual is â€Å"always already a subject†, and is inducted into the â€Å"practices and rituals of ideological recognition† at the time of birth, as they are born into the ideology (Resch 209-10). When one is born into a society, one is taught since birth the values and beliefs of that certain society, and thus, may internalise those views and values as one’s own. An example of an interpellated subject can be seen in the form of Reshma in The Hope Chest. On her wedding day, despite hoping that â€Å"she could jump in for a quick swim† in the stream, she stops herself because â€Å"she [knows] only too well th at she [has] to sit decorously amidst the women† (Ahmad 80-1). How Reshma knows she should act is at odds with how she wants to act, which is to â€Å"[leap] down the slope of the river bank, [†¦] kneeling on the smoothly polished boulders at the edge of the bank, her clothes flapping in the wind† (80). However, despite the difference in her desires and how she is told to act, she never once questions the reasons behind things being so. Later on, despite not wanting to lie down, she â€Å"rose to obey, out of sheer habit† when her husband tells her to (131). Reshma is so deeply ingrained with the values of the patriarchal society that she unquestioningly obeys them, never stopping to question why she is doing the things that she does, leading to a suppression of her own identity in favour of the one that society has created for her. By only depicting characters who are completely in the know about how their society works and functions, and constantly questio n the values that are being imposed upon them, Syal neglects the complexities behind patriarchal ideology and how it may impact a woman’s formation of identity. Indeed, breaking out of the patriarchal ideology in one’s search for identity is never as easy and smooth a process as Syal depicts in Life Is Not All Ha Ha Hee Hee. When Reshma is driven from her home and wants to learn the skill of midwifery, the first thing she is asked is if she is married, and if â€Å"[her] husband [has] given [her] permission to learn midwifery† (Ahmad 279). Even then, she has no control over herself, and needs authorisation from her husband to be able to do something. While Reshma manages to sign up for the classes by lying that her husband is â€Å"dead† (279), this cannot be seen as her successfully breaking out of patriarchal rules. Rather, she is still operating within the rules of the patriarchal society, as a dead husband means that she can make use of the authority of his name as his wife, yet have no one to control her. She is known as his â€Å"widow† (281), hence, her identity remains not fully her own – it is stil l very much tied to her husband. The bittersweet ending for Reshma in The Hope Chest provides a strong contrast to the trajectories of the three friends in Life Is Not All Ha Ha Hee Hee, in which there are little to no consequences that they have to face for their actions, which defy patriarchal cultural norms. Syal’s novel suggests a journey towards personal identity that is easily navigated and conquered, while Ahmad’s The Hope Chest complicates this narrative, presenting a more cynical viewpoint that questions if the effects of patriarchal ideology on the female identity can be transcended, and if women can create an identity that is separate from their gendered bodies. Works Cited Ahmad, Rukhsana. The Hope Chest. Virago Press, 1996. Resch, Robert Paul. â€Å"Althusser: The Interpellation of Social Subjects.† Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory, University of California Press, 1992, pp. 209–213. Syal, Meera. Life Isnt All Ha Ha Hee Hee. Black Swan, 2000.

An Electrical Engineer from Ghana in Yale SOM

This interview is the latest in an Accepted blog series featuring  interviews with business  students, offering readers a behind-the-scenes look at top programs.  And now, introducing Ernest Kojo Mills†¦ Accepted: Wed like to get to know you! Where are you from? Where and what did you study as an undergrad? Ernest: I’m from Cape Coast in the Central region of Ghana. That’s where I was born and lived with my family until we moved to Accra (Ghana’s capital) when I was about two. I was always curious about Technology, so I studied Electrical/Electronic Engineering at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science Technology (KNUST) in Ghana for my undergrad. While there, I got really fascinated about Telecoms, so I took a job in that industry upon graduating and worked in it for six years across six different functions in Accra and London. Accepted: Where are you currently in business school? What year are you? Ernest: I’m currently a second year at Yale SOM. Accepted: Why did you choose Yale? How did you know you were a good fit? Ernest: Growing up in Ghana I idolized the Ivy League, but it wasn’t until I started college that I realized â€Å"Oh, I could actually go there!† So when I decided to do business school, I considered Yale and a couple other top schools. A number of things stood out to me at SOM: first, I found their integration with other schools (in and out of Yale) to be remarkable. We have one of the highest percentages of dual degrees (which brings multiple perspectives to the classroom), and also have the chance to take classes from other schools. As an example, last semester I took a Programming class from Yale College, this semester I’m taking this really cool class at the Law School called Regulating Emerging Technologies, and next semester I’ll take something from the Divinity School. There’s also great integration outside of Yale via the Global Network for Advanced Management. This past fall break, a ton of my classmates went to study in member schools al l over the world, and I was a TA, welcoming 85 students from 26 schools across the world. It was really fun getting to know these amazing people and showing them around Yale. Since I’ve spoken so much about my first point, I’ll just quickly mention that SOM has an amazing culture (people are so smart, down to earth, help one another a lot with recruiting, academics, etc. and are from very diverse backgrounds); the professors are awesome (they’re super approachable, do great research and teach really well); and we have a very engaged alumni base, that isn’t limited to SOM (which alone is very impressive), but includes all other Yale schools – from the Medical school to the Drama school. That’s pretty awesome! Working in a cross-functional rotational program early in my career and working in London where at a point, no two people in my team of 10 were from the same country made me realize my strength in diverse teams, so I knew I’d fit well into Yale’s diversity. I also thrive in smart, yet humble environments, and SOM offers exactly that. Accepted: Looking back at the application process, what would you say was your greatest challenge? How would you advise other applicants who may be experiencing similar challenges? Ernest: I’ve thought very hard about this question and no major challenge readily comes to mind. As I reflect, I think it’s because I planned far ahead of time and was therefore able to pace myself during the application process. I had many months to reflect on all of my achievements and collate them in one place even before the schools released their questions. I also notified my recommenders in advance, so it was easy to get their recommendations when the time came. I would say a minor challenge was that having been out of school for six years made it more difficult to ace the GMAT as much as I would have wanted. I guess my advice to other applicants will be to start the process very early. Think about when you can make time to research schools, study for the GMAT/GRE, write your essays, engage your recommenders, etc. Planning and starting the process early will set you on a course for success! Accepted: As someone from Ghana, and who has worked in international roles, what made you want to pursue your MBA in the United States? Ernest: My desire to experience a different geographical and cultural environment, coupled with my strong passion for tech brought me to the US. Another childhood dream of mine growing up in Ghana was to work in what I call the world’s Tech HQ – the Bay Area. This past summer I had the opportunity to do just that as a consultant with The Boston Consulting Group, advising a really cool tech client. It was just awesome being on the train and seeing people in YouTube hoodies, with Airbnb backpacks, Salesforce umbrellas, etc. It was also great to visit the Google and Facebook campuses. Accepted: Where do you see yourself, and your career, in 10 years? Ernest: I honestly don’t know, but that’s okay because I have some good options. Ten years is a long time and many things will change, but my passion for tech will remain. There’s a couple ways I can realize this passion including consulting for tech clients, being a leader in a large tech firm (either here in the US or somewhere in Africa or Europe), or creating my own startup to help solve some of the issues in Africa and the world. Speaking of solving African issues, I wouldn’t be surprised if I went into politics in Ghana because one of the things I’ve learned is that I should be the change I want to see (and SOM is educating me to become a leader for Business and Society!). There’s also very important factors to consider such as where I would want to raise my family. So there’s many possibilities, and we’ll take it a step at a time. Accepted: What are some of the most important lessons youve learned about yourself in business school thus far? Is it as hard as you imagined an MBA program to be? Ernest: This might sound strange but a big lesson I’ve learned is the very important role my faith plays in my life. I’m constantly reminded of how God’s blessings have been and continue to be a big part of my achievements. I also realized that although I’m closer to the introverted side of the spectrum, and my background didn’t focus a lot on networking, it’s an important skill that I could learn, become good at, and enjoy. So I’m working towards that, and I already see great improvements. The answer to the second part of your question changes from first year to second year. First year was much harder than I ever imagined it to be! Transitioning from Engineering to Management, adapting to the culture, learning to network, recruiting, trying to make friends, being away from my family, etc. was just overwhelming, and that was one of the hardest years of my life. Second year though has been amazing! Having learned to navigate all the above-mentioned challenges, and having a job offer made second year a cruise control situation. There’s more opportunities to connect with friends (old and new), help classmates out, give back to the school, and really just enjoy the amazing community here at Yale. Accepted: Lastly, what are your top tips for b-school success? Ernest: Priorities, priorities, priorities! There’s so much to juggle in business school, and in order to succeed you need to determine what’s important to you and prioritize that. The beauty about it is that you can have a different set of priorities at different times during your MBA journey. This means you can do (almost) everything you want – just not at the same time. Also make a conscious effort to get to know your classmates. Arguably the best value proposition of the MBA is the network you build. Get to know people, be interested in their lives, share your life, make friends. That’ll be helpful to you in the long run. Want to learn more about Ernest? You can check out  his LinkedIn profile here. Thank you Ernest for sharing your story and advice – we wish you much success!   For one-on-one guidance on your b-school applications, check out our catalog of  MBA  admissions services. Do you want to be featured in Accepted’s blog? If you want to share your b-school  journey with the world (or at least with our readers), email us at  bloggers@accepted.com. ; For 25 years, Accepted has helped business school applicants gain acceptance to top programs. Our outstanding team of MBA admissions consultants features former business school admissions directors and professional writers who have guided our clients to admission at top MBA, EMBA, and other graduate business programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Wharton, Booth, INSEAD, London Business School, and many more.  Want an MBA admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Navigate the MBA Application Maze, a free guide †¢ Yale SOM MBA Application Essay Tips Deadlines †¢ The Importance of Teamwork in MBA Admissions

How Buddhism is Being Used to Promote Nationalism in Sri Lanka and Japan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2004 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Buddhism Essay Did you like this example? In this essay, I am discussing how Buddhism is being used to promote nationalism in two countries, Sri Lanka and Japan and I am discussing contemporary as well as historical perspective with its similarities and differences. Lets starts with the example of Sri Lanka Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Buddhism is Being Used to Promote Nationalism in Sri Lanka and Japan" essay for you Create order With the long history and a distinctive culture, Buddhist religion plays a prominent role in the island of Sri Lanka. Buddhist monks starts to travel to the Sri Lanka by the third century BCE and inhabitants of the Island quickly embraced Buddhist institutions and practices. We can quantify the impact of Buddhism in the historical days in Sri Lanka in couple of ways. First, ancient Buddhist monasteries and archaeological sites throughout the island, which demonstrates the long-standing and extensive presence of sites associated with Buddhist worship and practices and second, the numerous historical texts called VAMSAS. The fusion of these Buddhist sites and texts are sufficient to explain the Sri Lanka as a place where the Buddhas religion has flourished for millennia. In modern Sri Lanka, these assertions charged significance in debates over national identities and multiculturalism. From the Buddhist texts such as the MAHAVAMSA (Great Chronicle) from the sixth century CE, Sri Lanka occupies a special place as Island of the Dharma, where in Buddha himself visited the Island and prophesied that his SASANA would illuminate the land and be established there for posterity. There was little doubt about the supremacy of Buddhism in the islands religious and political sphere before sixteenth century in Sri Lanka. King Parakramabahu-1, purified monkhood resulted in a huge unified SANGHA which adhered to the conservative vision of the Theravada order that stressed strict monastic discipline and the acceptance of a closed canon of Pali Buddhist scriptures. The Sri Lanka island declared itself independent from British rule on February 04, 1948, after successive colonial rules by the Portuguese, Dutch and British. The long colonialism tries severely weakened Buddhist institutions but did not lead to the conversion of more than about ten percent of the islands population. Since the nineteenth century, the modernizing trends among Sri Lankan Buddhism have given rise to a form of Buddhist nationalism that fuses religious ideals with political activity. The Buddhist Laity widely criticized the entrance of Buddhist monks into political arena. But the Scenario is slightly shifts when Anagarika Dharmapala starts to encourage monk in early twentieth century to lead the religious and social reforms he envisioned for the country, monastic involvement in politics eventually followed. Primarily, Dharmapala concentrated on the monks who would serve their village rites and practices of medicine and astrology in order to become preachers who motivated the Laity on the development of Buddhist morality, which would in turn become the basis for promoting the dignity and prosperity of the nation (Seneviratne 1999;40). In accordance with this thought, monks should pro-actively involved in Sinhala society, upgrading the morality of all citizens and bringing about a cultu ral revival in order to lay the foundations for a vibrant and independent nation-state. Thus, for securing individual comforts and the collective welfare of the people of Sri Lanka, The Buddha Dharma plays vital role. The Sinhala Buddhists, followers of Dharmapala saw Buddhism as having distinctively special role in the formation of Sinhala culture and national identity. During the several centuries of colonial rule in Sri Lanka, number of Sinhala Buddhists concludes that for a revival of Buddhism held the key to a broader cultural revival that could pave the way towards independence from Great Britain. The monks intended to focus the role of rural development in bringing about a national regeneration, during early twentieth-century. During this period some of the Buddhist monks emphasized the economic development of the rural village through development projects, crime eradication and temperance, which were finally rooted in the development of Buddhist morality, which also includes virtues such as punctuality, activeness and cleanliness. One of those Buddhist monk is Ven. Kalukondayave Pannasekhra (1895-1977). The involvement of monks in such social welfare projects strengthen the nationalist sen timents in the Island as well as the model of Christian missionary, who were also engaged in similar projects. These type of activities, also allowed the monks to regain the central role in society, which were during colonial rule took over by colonial sponsored institutions such as hospitals and schools. The numerous monks start to stress social service in national politics as part of the proper role of a Buddhists monk, in the final years of British rule in the island. The Buddhist monks along with the Indian nationalists strongly engaged in political debates and activities in their respective countries against the British imperial presence in their countries. In the years of independence in 1948 and thereafter the island witnessed vigorous debates over the legitimacy of monastic involvement in politics. Ven. Walpola Rahula, the author of the heritage of the Bhikkhu and holder of doctoral degree in France, was one of the more prominent advocates for the political monks. He argued that the Buddhist monks have a duty to serve the nation by advising the country leaders on political issues and giving popular support for righteous policies. During 1950s, the bonds between religion and the state in Sri Lanka was strengthen with the help of Monastic involvement in the countrys politics. The Buddha Jayanti was recognized in Sri Lanka publicly in the year 1956, after 2500 years since the Buddha passed away. This is the year, when election take place and new party that promote Buddhist nationalist agenda was swept into the office, who setting off a chain of events that strengthened the formal association between Buddhism and the Sri Lankan state. A report The Betrayal of Buddhism, was started by the ALL Ceylon Buddhist Congress, published in 1956 and neutralised the negative effects of Christian mission and, especially, the state-funded English schools run by missionaries in the island. During these years, numerous monks formed a political organization to campaign actively for the new party promised to support Buddhist interest. The new constitution in 1972 asserted Buddhism the foremost place among other religion in the cou ntry, and which states, that it was the duty of the state to protect and foster Buddhism while still assuring fundamental rights to members of other religions. The Tamil minorities provoked the communal riots in 1956, 1958, 1977 and 1983, due to the unfortunate effect of alienating the Tamil minorities by some other government policies. The liberation tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was formed as a Tamil rebel organization in 1976 and starts armed conflict with the state in1983 following the riots which results the deaths of several thousand Tamils in the island, which includes renowned politician and Buddhist monks. Until the military defect of the LTTE in 2009, the civil war become a cause celebre for Buddhist nationalists who warned of the dangers still facing Buddhism in postcolonial Sri Lanka. The number of Buddhist monks participated in protests against the LTTE and the foreign organization or bodies that were supposed to be supporting the Tamil separatist cause, such as Norwegian government. Following several assassinations of political leaders and peace initiatives, Buddhist nationalism gaining assertive profile in the following years of the conflict with the LTTE. The entrance of global economic and cultural forms along with Christian missions from the west sparked a backlash against foreign influences that were supposed to be threaten the islands religious and cultural heritages. To promote the Buddhism religion, Ven. Gangodawila soma (1948-2003), the reputed Buddhist monk, introduced a public campaign as a path to increase national prosperity and protect Sinhala cultural heritages. Monk soma helped to galvanize aids for a nationalist program which could defend Buddhism and the nation from foreign forces and influences that threatened to undermine them, through regular television appearances, newspaper column, and sermons delivered at temples around the island. Buddhist nationalists of Sri Lanka have drawn criticism to the World bank, Hindi films and non-government or ganizations (NGOs) for the allegedly harmful effects they have on Buddhism and Sinhala culture. The growing hostility in Sri Lanka towards the agents of globalization is seen in the formation of a political party called The Jathika Hela Urumaya (JHU) led by Buddhist monks, who subsequently secure nine seats in the parliament for the partys monastic leaders in 2004. The presence of robed monks participating as politicians remain controversial in Sri Lanka and invites public and private criticism about the morality and decorum of these monk-politicians. In contemporary Sri Lanka, Buddhism retains and influential place in both private as well as public affairs. Its contemporary expressions have been conditioned by the experiences of Sinhala Buddhists with European colonialism, Christian missionaries, orientalist scholarship, ideas and aspirations of gender equality, partisan politics, ethnic separatists, and global political and development organizations. For some Sri Lankan, Buddhism is a symbol of national unity and a cultural heritage that is unique to Sri Lanka. Japanese nationalism in the other hands; There are more than 75000 Buddhist temples in Japan, which claims over 93 million members. Majority of the Japanese claims that they have faith in Buddhism more than other religion. The economic problems and the pressure from western power to open its ports for trade were cracking by the timbers that supported Japanese Tokugawa regime in the mid nineteenth century. Samurai rebels finally brought down the decrepit regime in 1868, after more than 260 years of rule and vowed to restore the emperor to power. Then the Japans first modern era, called Meiji starts which ends on 1912. After getting power, the new Meiji government starts to disestablish Buddhism from the state apparatus, of which it had been a part for centuries. The government restrict Christianity and established the TERAUKE system in which all families were required to register with the Buddhist temples, from the beginning of seventeenth century. During the first few years of the Meiji government, the system of giving economic benefits to the Buddhists priests was withdrawn and new laws were passed that required families to register with government offices rather than temples. The new regime frequently characterised Buddhism as foreign, although Buddhism had been the most powerful form of organized religion in Japan for over a thousand of years. Many of the founders of the Meiji government were from domains in western Japan where anti-Buddhist sentiment ran high among rulers. These sects of societies saw priest parasites on society and are destruction to builds a strong and modern society or nation. Japanese Buddhist institutions had a long history of backing different political regimes and were hungering to prove how they could support the restoration of imperial rule. Buddhist leaders overlooked their difference and formed inter-sectarian organization to strengthen the unity. The Pan-Sectarian Buddhist Ethical League (Shoshu dotoku kaimei) was one of the most influential organization, that formed towards the closing of 1868. In the support of government, Buddhist leaders, throughout the country spreades the slogan such as love the country and protect the Dharma, revere the emperor and serve the Buddha, pacify and preserve the country through Buddhism. More than 3000 Buddhists priests joined in the Great Teaching Promulgation Campaign (Daikyo senpu undo) as instructors, as a demo of their craving to donate to the propagation of imperial ideology. Some important temples, for example, Nishi Honganji and Eiheiji, donated money to the new government to show their support. The early Meiji period was also a time for replication. Designating the hostile sentiments of many in the new government, Buddhist jumps to construct a history of Buddhism in the Tokugawa period as decadent. Tokugawa Buddhism therefor becomes a foil in contradiction of which they could define themselves and where they sought to go. Part of this redefinition of themselves involved accusing their own previous drawback for the suffering. To eliminate these transgressions Fukuda, along with Shaku Unsho and other leading clerics, tries their own restoration by seeking to revive what they saw as fundamental to Buddhism. In particularly, they emphasized with which prohibited killing, stealing, lying, illicit sex, and slandering the three jewels of Buddhism (the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha). During the med 1870s, government policies softened toward Buddhism and Buddhist leaders, particularly of Shin Buddhism, started to emphasize themselves.

Contrast Of Dividend Policies Of Indian Companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3996 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Sub-continent has become the prime target for foreign direct investment. India ranks 6th among the top 10 countries for Foreign direct investment. Although not in the front line, it has become an attractive destination for foreign investment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contrast Of Dividend Policies Of Indian Companies" essay for you Create order Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic policies are tailored to attract substantial capital inflows and to sustain such inflows of capital. Policy initiatives taken over a period of years have resulted in significant capital inflows of foreign investment in all areas of economy including the public sector. This paper analysis the structure of economic reforms during the pre- independence and post independence era in the context of growth of foreign direct investment and the risks posed by the political, economic and social conditions for foreign investors. Essentially, this research seeks to analyze and understand the economics and politics of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s progressive integration with the global economy. Prior to understanding the economic progress of India, it is vital to first identify the current economic status of India so that it is easy to retrace the process leading to the current status. India presently enjoys the status of an attractive emerging market. However, this status has been the result of numerous economic reforms adopted over the years. India intent to open its markets to foreign investment can be traced back to the economic reforms adopted during two prime periods- pre- independence and post independence. Pre- independence, industrialised economies of India was the supplier of foodstuff and raw materials to the of the world and was the exporter of finished products- the economy lacked the skill and means to convert raw materials to finished products.Post independence with the advent of economic planning and reforms in 1951, the traditional role played changes and there was remarkable economic growth and development. International trade grew with the establishment of the WTO. India is now a part of the global economy. Outside world is now linked with india either through direct involvement in international trade or through direct linkages with export and economic transaction. Consequently economic reforms were introduced initially on a moderate scale and controls on industries were substantially reduced by 1985 industrial policy. This set the trend for more innovative economic reforms and they got a boost with the announcement of the landmark economic reforms in 1991. After nearly five decades of insulation from world markets, state controls and slow growth, India in 1991 embarked on an accelerated process of liberalization. The 1991 reforms ensured that the way for India to progress will be through globalization, privatisation, and liberalisation. In this new regime, the government is now assuming the role of facilitator and catalyst agent instead of the regulator and controller of economic activities. India has a number of advantages which make it an attractive market for foreign capital namely, political stability in democratic polity, steady and sustained economic growth and development, significantly huge domestic market, access to skilled and technical manpower at competitive rates, fairly well developed infrastructure. FDI has attained the status of being of global importance because of its beneficial use as an instrument for global economic integration. 1.2 STOCK MARKET WORKING OF STOCK MARKET REGULATION OF FRAMEWORK WHY DO PEOPLE INVEST MONEY IN SHARES? WHY VOLATILITY IN STOCK MARKET OCCUR? HOW MONEY IS MADE IN STOCK MARKET? ECONOMIC ROLE OF STOCK MARKET Now the market is further divided into PRIMARY MARKET and SECONDARY MARKET. PRIMARY MARKET Deals with the new issues of securities. SECONDARY MARKET Deals with outstanding securities. Also known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“STOCK MARKETà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 1.3 TRANSLUCENSE OF EQUITY MARKET: MARKET SECURITY BOND/DEBENTHERS STOCK TREND 1) COMMON STOCKS 2) PREFERRED STOCKS SHARE MUTUAL FUNDS. PAR VALUE vs. MARKET VALUE BULLISH vs. BEARISH FUNCTIONS OF STOCK MARKET? Stock exchanges Brokers Registrars Depositories and their participants Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) MARKET INDICES: Stock market indices are the indicators of the stock market. Some of the market indices types are BSE SENSEX, NSE-50 etc. Their usefulness: Board trends of the market can be recognize by indices. The funds are rationally allocated by the investors among stock by using indices. Future market can be predict by analyst using indices. The general economy report can be made on the basis of indices. RISING IN STOCK PRICES? Possible reasons for the increment and decrement of rising prices: Company News. Country News. Foreign Exchange rate . Depends upon the market forces i.e demand and supply of stock. 1.4 Research Aims The primary aim of this research is to develop an elaborate discussion on how Stock market works and to give the main concepts of Stock market and give the technical analysis of Indian stock market and shares. 1.5 Research Objectives The following will be the objectives of the study: 1) To describe the Trends of Stock market of India, 2) To identify the Stock behaviour at various time slots, 3) To examine and analyse strategies adopted to make money in Stock market, 4) To identify the role of market activities on economy, 1.6 Research Questions The following are the research questions of the study: 1). How many Exchanges are there in India? 2). what is an Index How does one execute an order? 3).Why Stock market is so volatile? 4). Computation of Stock Index? 5). Shareholder Protection and Stock Market Development? 1.7 A selective review of the literature There has been considerable research that seeks to identify the determinants of corporate Dividend policy. One branch of this literature has focused on an agency-related rationale for paying dividends. It is based on the idea that monitoring of the firm and its management is helpful in reducing agency conflicts and in convincing the market that the managers are not in a position to abuse their position. Some shareholders may be monitoring manage rs, but the problem of collective action results in too little monitoring taking place. Thus Easterbrook (1984) suggests that one way of solving this problem is by increasing the payout ratio. When the firm increases its dividend payment, assuming it wishes to proceed with planned investment, it is forced to go to the capital market to raise additional finance. This induces monitoring by potential investors of the firm and its management, thus reducing agency problems. Rozeff (1982) develops a model that underpins this theory, called the cost minimisation model. The model combines the transaction costs that may be controlled by limiting the payout ratio, with the agency costs that may be controlled by raising the payout ratio. The central idea on which the model rests is that the optimal payout ratio is at the level where the sum of these two types of costs is minimized. Thus Rozeffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost minimisation model is a regression of the firm target payout ratio on five variables that proxy for agency and transaction costs. Transaction costs in the model are represented by three variables that proxy for the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s historic and predicted growth rates and risk. High growth and high risk imply greater dependency on external finance due to investment needs, and in order to honor financial obligations, respectively. This, in turn, means, that the firm raises external finance more frequently, hence bears higher transaction costs that are associated with raising external finance. The model captures agency costs with two proxies. First, the fraction of the firm owned by insiders is a proxy for insider ownership and is expected to be negatively related to the target payout ratio. As insiders hold more of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s equity, the need to monitor their actions is reduced because the incentive for managers to misuse corpor ate resources falls. Second, the natural logarithm of the number of outside shareholders is a proxy for ownership dispersion. It is expected to be positively related to the target payout ratio because the greater the dispersion, the more severe is the collective action problem of monitoring. Indeed results from an Ordinary Least Squares (OLSQ) cross sectional regression using 1981 data on 1000 US firms, support the theory put forward. Thus the model provides good fit and consequently has attracted the attention of subsequent studies. Llyod, Jahera and Page (1985) is one of the first studies to modify Rozeffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost minimisation model by adding a size variable. An OLSQ cross sectional regression is applied to 1984 data on 957 US firms, and the results provide support for the cost minimisation model and show that firm size is an important explanatory variable. Likewise Schooley and Barney (1994) add a squared measure for insider ownership, arguing that the relationship between dividend and insider ownership may be non-monotonic. Indeed the results from an OLSQ cross sectional regression, using 1980 data on 235 industrial US firms, provide further support for Rozeffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model in general and for the hypothesis put forward in particular. More support and further contribution to the agency theory of dividend debate, is provided by Mohà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d, Perry and Rimbey (1995). These authors introduce a number of modifications to the cost minimisation model including industry dummies, institutional holdings and a lagged dependent variable to the RHS of the equation to address possible dynamics. The results of a Weighted Least Squares regression, employing panel data on 341 US firms over 18 years from 1972 to 1989 support the view that the dividend process is of a dynamic nature. The estimated coefficient on the institutional ownership variable is positive and significant, which is in line with tax explanations but contradicts the idea about the monitoring function of institutions. Holder, Langrehr and Hexter (1998) extend the cost minimisation model further by considering conflicts between the firm and its non-equity stakeholders and by introducing free cash flow as an additional agency variable. The study utilises panel data on 477 US firms each with 8 years of observations, from 1983 to 1990. The results show a positive relation between the dependent variable and the free cash flow variable, which is consistent with Jensen (1986). Likewise the estimated coefficient on the stakeholder theory variable is shown to be significant and negative as predicted. The estimated coefficients on all the other explanatory variables are also shown to be statistically significant and to bear the hypothesized signs. Hansen, Kumar and Shome (1994) also take a broader view of what constitutes agency costs, and applies a variant of the cost minimisation model to the regulated electric utility industry. The prediction is that the agency rationale for dividend should be particularly applicable in the case of regulated firms because agency costs in these firms extend to conflicts of interests between shareholders and regulators. Results of cross sectional OLSQ regression for a sample of 81 US utilities and for the period ending 1985 support the cost minimisation model and the contribution of regulation to agency conflicts in the firm. Another innovative approach to Rozeffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost minimisation model is offered in Rao and White (1994) who apply it to 66 private US firms. Using a limited dependent variable, Maximum Likelihood (ML) technique, the study shows that an agency rationale for dividends applies even to private firms that do not participate in the capital market. The authors note that perhaps by paying dividends, private firms can still induce monitoring by bankers, Accountants and tax authorities. To summarize, the agency theory of dividend in general, and the cost minimization model in particular, appear to offer a good description of how dividend policies are determined. The variables in the original cost minimisation model remain significant with consistently signed estimated coefficients, across the other six models reviewed above. Specifically, the constant is, without exception, positively related to the dividend policy decision, while the agency costs variable, the fraction of insider ownership, is consistently negatively related to the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ dividend policy. The latter is with exception of the study by Schooley and Barney (1994) where the relationship is found to be of a parabolic nature. Similarly, the agency cost variable, ownership dispersion, is consistently positively related to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dividend policy, while the transaction cost variable, risk, is consistently negatively related to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dividend policy regardless of the precise proxy used. The other transaction cost proxies, the growth variables, are also mainly significant and negatively related to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dividend policy, although past growth appears to be a less stable measure than future growth. However, in spite of the apparent goodness of fit of the cost minimisation model to US data, its applicability to the Indian case may be challenged. Indeed, Samuel (1996) hypothesises that agency problems are less severe in India compared with the US. In contrast, it may be argued that some aspects of the Indian economy imply a particular suitability of the agency theory, and of the cost minimisation model, to this economy. Notably, as explained in Haque (1999), many developing countries, including India,established state-centred regimes following their independence. These regimes drew their ideology from socialist and Soviet ideas and were accompanied by highly centralized economic policies, which may increase agency costs in at least three ways as follows. First, such policies may increase managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ agency behavior per se. Indeed Joshi and Little (1997) note that when domestic firms enjoy subsidies or a policy of protectionism, the pressure on managers to become more efficient is relaxed. Second, high state intervention means an extension of agency problems to shareholder-administrator conflicts. Indeed, Hansen, Kumar and Shome (1994) show that the degree of industry regulation enters the dividend policy decision. Third, to the extent that management of the economy is based on social philosophies of protecting the weaker sectors such as employees or poorer customers, this may influence managers to consider the interests of non-equity stakeholders. This all method of stock can also been seen that the ups and down in the stock market is only the gamme of risk but if we discussed and see the main game is played by a mathematician who play the whole game behind the market and people are unaware of these things they are only focusing on there on shares and now be more effective due to the ups and downs in the rate of the stock market. This implies that stakeholder theory should be particularly relevant to the Indian case, and, as shown by Holder, Langrehr and Hexter (1998) this may lead to a downward pressure on dividend levels. However, the relevance of stakeholder theory to the Indian case also implies enlargement of agency problems to conflicts of interests among capital holders and other shareholders, increasing the need for shareholders to monitor management behaviour. It is thus the case that on the one hand stands the prediction by Samuel (1996) that agency costs should be lower in the Indian business environment. This implies that the agency rationale for dividends should be less applicable in the case of India. To contrast this, the agency rationale for dividends is predicted to become particularly applicable to India, due to the extension of agency conflicts on at least three accounts as explained above. An empirical procedure is the natural way to settle these differences and it is to this task that we now turn. 1.8 Overview of the Dissertation Chapter 1 is a general summary and a brief introduction of the study. It mapped out the research aims, research objectives and research questions. It also suggests topics for complementing research, and an overview of the dissertation. Chapter 2 will be the review of the related literature that will put the study in context with the research aims. It will proceed with addressing the research objectives, thereby meeting the research aims. Chapter 3 will present a detailed picture of the methodology. Chapter 4 will expound on the discussions of the study and the final chapter shall present the conclusions and recommendations of the study. 1.9 Conclusion The study develops an elaborate discussion on how to effectively be in the Stock market and a brief discussion on Stock market of India such that results favourable to it will commence using empirical data from secondary documents. Chapter 2 Dividend behaviour of Indian firms after share split 2.1 DIVIDEND BEHAVIOR As we have to discussed in this section about the dividend behaviour so it can be discussed,dividend policy remains a source of prolonged public disagreement despite years of theoretical and practical research, one aspect of dividend policy is the link between dividend policy and stock price risk . Risk can be reduced by paying large dividends (Golin 1986) and is a proxy for the later on earnings (Basken, 1990). Many theoretical mechanisms have been given advice that cause dividend policy and payout rolls to vary directly with common stock volatility. These are the effect of duration, effect of rate of return , pricing effect and information effect. Duration effect complies that high dividend rolls give more near the amount of money being transferred. If dividend policy is stably high dividend stocks will have a shorter time. Gordon john Model can be used to suggest so that high-dividend will be less intensive to Rise and fall irregularly in number or amount in discount rates and thu s ought to show higher price volatility. Now we can also take a look on some agency type reports being played in stock market agency cost argument, as developed by Johnson and Micken (1970), that is payment of dividends people motivates managers to remove sediment cash which is invested below at the cost of capital or waste on it on organizational capabilities (Roeff, 1991 and Eastrbrook 1990). Many authors have pressure the importance of facts content of dividend (Daniel and Thomson, 1989; Bern, Mosey 1989). Diller and Rack (1986) suggested that dividend announces provide the missing cuts of Facts and figures about the firm and allows the market to tell about the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current savings. The main thing in the dividend policies is that if one company suggests the rate of its share too low all the investors which want to purchase the shares are the same as the stake holders are willing to do so and that back in the loop. Investors may have greater trust on that reported earnings reflect economic profits and loss statements when announcements are as a companion or escort by sample dividends. If investors are more certain in their suggestion, they may ere act less to questionable sources of facts and figures and their main theme value may be insulated from irrational development, or behavior. The best discussion be made on this topic can be emphasized as rate and effect of market rate of return effect, as discussed by Godin (1967), is that a firm with low payroll and high dividend interest may tend to be valued more in terms of future investment chances (Daisy, 1965). As a result, its stock price may be more intensive to changing rates of return over rare time intervals. Volatility Index is a major tool of measuring marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectation of volatility over the next term. Volatility is often described as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rate and magnitude of changes in pricesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and in stock often suggest to as risk. Volatility Index is a measure, of the amount by which an Index is expected to change over the time, in the next term, (calculated as analyzed volatility, denoted in percentage e.g. 40%) based on the order book of the index options. Fama (1992) and Fames and French (1995).People were speechless, many broke. 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND MODEL SPECIFICATION 2.2(a) Control variables: Share price ups and downs should be relevant to the basic risks ensured in the product markets. There is a impact of stock marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk on the firms dividend policy. Volatility Index is a good indicator of the investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behavior on how markets are expected to be changed in the next term. Usually, during periods of market volatility, market moves steeply up or down And the volatility index tends to rise. As volatility subsides, option prices tend to Decline, which in turn causes volatility index to decline. The information of the less listed firms the market in the stocks of small listed firms, more illiquid, and as a complicated subject to greater price in the ups an down of the stock market. Baskin (1985) suggests that firms with a more deplored body of stakeholders may be more disposed off towards using dividend policy as a device for signaling. Function of size and thus a size control was required in the form of latter. A value of 2 indicates there appears to be no distortion. Small values of d indicate relevant and supporting error terms are, on average, close in value to one another, or positively corrected .It is also possible that main and important differences in market hall hull, cost effectiveness, restrictions in varying infrastructure etc. This all lead to differences in dividend policy. These also have impact on ups and downs of the share prices in the stock. 2.2(b) Variable definition Price volatility (PV) The policy of central planning adopted by the government sought to ensure that the government laid down marked goals to be achieved by the economy thereby establishing a regime of checks and balances. The government also encouraged self sufficiency with the intent to encourage the domestic industries and enterprises, thereby reducing the dependence on foreign trade. Although, initially these policies were extremely successful as the economy did have a steady economic growth and development, they werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t sustained. Square root transformation can be used to show the average measures of variance for all available years and can be transformed to a standard deviation. Parkison (1982) describes the method of closing and opening prices how this method is very easy to the traditional method of summation. 2.2(c) Dividend yield Policy (DYP) The variable has been calculated by the summation of all the annual cash which have to paid to common stake holders and then dividing this sum by the average stockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value of the stock in the year. The government approached the World Bank and the IMF for funding. In keeping with their policies there was expectation of devaluation of the rupee. This lead to a lack of confidence in the investors and foreign exchange reserves declined. 2.2(d) Earning volatility Of Stock (EV) In order to develop our sense about this variable, the first step is to get an approximate average of available years of the ratio of last year going earnings (before taxes and interest) to intellectual assets. In order to compare the shocks to US markets over countries and the sample period, it is Necessary to impart shocks of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“same magnitudeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Since financial markets are volatile, it Would be misleading to compare shocks of the same nominal magnitude across different Periods of time. Thus, the responses of the Asian markets have been tracked to a one standard Deviation shock in the US variable. 2.2(e) Payout Ratio (POR) When total dividend exceeds total cumulative profit than payout ratio is set to one. From begin the total cumulative self owned company earnings were calculated for all years. The ratio of total dividends to total earnings is payout. The use of this procedure controls the problem of extreme values in individual years attributed to low or possibly negatively effect on the net income. 2.2(f) Size (SZ) The variable was so made by taking the average market value of common stocks. The variable size was also think in a form that gives impact in the order of magnitude in real terms. 2.2(g) Long-term Debt (DA) Sum of all the long-term debt (debt with maturity more than a year) to total assets is taken as a ratio. An average is taken over all available years. 2.2(h) Growth in Assets (ASG) The ratio of the change in total assets in a year was taken by the early growth. Then the ratio was averaged over the years. 2.3 Conclusion In this chapter Present day India enjoys the status of an emerging market. Skilled and managerial labor and technical man-power are such as that they match the best available in the world. Urban middle-high class people has been targeted from the chasing of the market these people did not know about the superior brands and ups and down of the market the status of people very much matter in the stock market. A combination of these factors contributes to India having a distinct and a cutting edge in the globe. India has been termed as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stealthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ miracle economy of the new millennium. We observe a common pattern of triggered by changes in the market and technological environment. Changes adopts in the form of innovation, avoidance and of regulation.

Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender in the Tempest

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The Biblical Flood of Genesis Based Upon the Flood of the...

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