How to accomplish a daily task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to accomplish a daily task - Essay Example The instructions will tell the students what to do and inform them of the assignment’s basic mechanics. It also provides the criteria for scoring the assignment. For instance, to get a score of A+, the assignment should have a clear thesis, strong arguments, good grammar and spelling, and follow all mechanics. Students should make sure they understand the instructions before doing the actual assignment. If something is unclear, they should not hesitate to ask their teachers, so that they can avoid making wrong assignments. The next part is to follow the instructions, and then revising, editing, and proofreading their work. Students should focus on the instructions, especially when a specific topic and word count are included. They should do research, when required, and support their ideas or opinions with credible evidence. Furthermore, students should also revise their work, which means that they will check if the whole paper followed the assignment requirements. Then, they should also edit it, which refers to the process of reading the paper out loud and ensuring that the flow of ideas is clear. Afterwards, they should proofread their papers by checking spelling, punctuation, word choice, and grammar. A school assignment is part of the learning process because it checks if the students learned the concepts and skills taught in class. This paper offers a way of helping students organize their process of completing their assignments. The next time that they hear their teacher tell them that they have homework, they no longer need to be stressed, because they know now how to do it the right

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Example for Free

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Introductions: Have you or have you had someone, that was near and dear to your family and hearts, pass away and think to yourself â€Å"If medical technology was just a little more advance, they might have been able to still be here with me today? † Or was their life, cut from your life to soon, because of the need for more advancements in the medical pharmaceutical side of things such as medications and treatments. Maybe, even be able to give them the therapeutic device that would have been able to give them a longer life expectancy? One thing to think about is that over the past thirty years advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology has greatly improved the life quality and expectancy of many human beings. (What kind of introduction did you write for your expository essay? Asked a question What other types of introductions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Providing a startling statistic. Include interesting facts about the subject. What makes your introduction type more effective than another introduction type for your particular essay? By asking a question to the reader, the way that I have asked a question makes it personal to the reader and makes them think and want to read more about what I have written. ) Conclusions: My husband and I believe that if Stem Cell research was around years ago when he was first diagnosed by Type I Diabetes, that he would not have to worry so much about his blood sugars going high or low all the time. Now with the advancements in therapeutic devices, we are able to go to a specialized diabetic doctor (known as a Endocrinologist) and be able to help him get on a Medtronic Insulin Pump, that will help him with getting his sugars stable and give him the right amount of insulin that his body needs to function properly like you and I do. On the bright side due to the fact that there are advancements in medical technology with the therapeutic side of things, there is a small variety of insulin pumps on the market today that he is able to choose from that will fit to his personal needs and wants. With medical personnel continuing to improve upon advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology, there will be more people out there, such as I that will not have to lose their loved ones before their time. (What kind of conclusion did you write for your expository essay? I think that by finishing up with another question it will hopefully convince the reader that everything I have provided will have them agreeing with my essay. Also something that would be more effective would be to provide an ironic twist, a surprising observation. What other types of conclusions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Restating the thesis or summarizing the main points of my essay What makes your conclusion type more effective than another conclusion type for your particular essay? By providing an ironic twist, with a surprising observation from my own personal life might help the reader understand more of why I was so passionate about writing about those things in my essay. )

Each of Us Has the Power to Change the World :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Since the beginning of the new millennium, the whole world has been seeking world peace harder than ever before. Ironically though, the world today has also seen tragic wars and conflicts that have the capability to destroy mankind. Possession of nuclear weapons, indiscriminate attacks against innocents, and abuse of human rights are the realities that we should not turn our back on but instead face up to. Strong individual, ethnic, and national identities sometimes lead to conflicts because they are entities which drive humans to become self-seeking, disrespectful, and often exclusionary. However, the process of becoming aware of individual identity also can result in the solution of international conflicts between people of different cultures and ethnicities. This happens because in the process of understanding who you are, you are also able to appreciate other people's identities. Hence, it is important for every single person, whatever culture or philosophy he or she possesses, t o believe that an effort made by an individual can directly solve future conflicts between people, no matter what their ethnic differences. One must understand conflicts to solve them. It is important to consider what they are, why they are, what characteristics they have, and how they can be categorized. Conflicts are natural among humans; people desire to protect their local society or, in the present, the international community. In fact, a conflict that maintains or eventually reunifies national identity is an advantage for human society.1 Imannuel Kant, an Enlightenment philosopher of the eighteenth century who strongly believed in international cooperation and peace, even stated, "All wars are so many attempts to bring about new relations among the states and to form new bodies...there is created a state that civic commonwealth can maintain itself automatically."2 In the same way, confrontation within a society sometimes has positive consequences. During the Civil Rights movement in the United States in the 1960s, African Americans were determined to draw a line between white people and themselves recognize themsel ves as an independent and equal entity. They suffered severe conflict to achieve this goal. Conflict exists today because we have ethnic or cultural borders that are not only geographical (i.e. national borders) but also psychological. These boundaries are often mutable and situational, however. In fact, many anthropologists define ethnic identity and boundaries in different ways. One of the reasons for the different definitions is that people choose which ethnic identity to use based on context.

An Excuse for Hate :: essays papers

An Excuse for Hate There are many people in this world today who feel that prejudice is a regular part of life that must be dealt with along with getting up for work, and taking out the garbage. However, what people do not realize is that prejudice is on the rise in our society, and has been for centuries. There are numerous reasons that people choose to have prejudices against others. Many people don’t want to rock the boat, so they just look the other way, and pretend that nothing is going on. Although these people usually do not have any direct participation in outward prejudice, their neglect of the situation causes a definite harm. Others are ignorant and uneducated when it comes to things that are different from them, and as a result they make up their own stereotypes, and misconceptions, about people that they don’t even know. Not only has prejudice been a dilemma in the past, but also it seems to be a growing trend among the countries of the world today. The people of society who choose not to get involved in the fight against prejudice usually do so out of fear. They fear that if they speak out then they will be shunned for making things difficult for those who share their prejudice openly. In The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas, written by Ursula K. Le Guin, this is demonstrated beautifully when a boy is kept away from society because he is different from all the others who live there. The people of the city refuse to bring the boy into society because â€Å"if it were done, in that day and hour all the prosperity and beauty and delight of Omelas would wither and be destroyed.† (Le Guin, p.971) Some of the people who have seen the boy, disagree with what the other citizens of Omelas are doing to him so they leave the city, and never look back. But, they leave without saying, or doing, anything to help the poor boy who is left behind to suffer in the discrimination of the town. This is also shown in the movie Quigley Dow n Under when a man, Quigley, is almost killed for defending the rights of Aborigine Indians in Australia. He sees that they are clearly victims of prejudice, and decides to help them overcome their oppression.

Has the Single Market project in Europe been a success?

Abstract The establishment of the EU’s single market was intended to create jobs and enhance prosperity. Since it was established in 1992, significant benefits have been made to the EU’s internal market and a lot of opportunities have been created. Despite this, many problems continue to exist and further changes are necessary if the objectives of the EU are to be fully realised (European Commission, 2012: 1). Introduction The idea behind the European Union’s (EU) single market was to treat the EU as one territory so that the free movement of people, goods, money and services could be achieved (Europa, 2012: 1). The single market was established by the EU to enhance competition and trade through a system of standardised laws that apply to all Member States (Barnard, 2002: 1). This improves efficiency and gives individuals more choice when it comes to providing and attaining goods and services. The overall quality of the goods and services is increased, which is economically beneficial. The Single European Act was enacted in 1986 to establish a single market and has since been considered one of the EU’s greatest achievements (Europa, 2012: 1). This led to the abolishment of internal border controls between EU countries in 1993 and is now accessible to millions of people across 27 Member States. Restrictions to trade have been removed and individuals now receive better standards of living. EU law comprises of treaties and legislative provisions, such as Directives and Regulations that aim to secure the free movement of goods, services, people, and capital. Despite this, Member States are still responsible for social welfare and taxation, yet the EU influences the policies of Member States (Europa, 2012: 1). The single market has been successful in allowing people and businesses to move freely within the European Economic Area (EEA) and has therefore transformed the way individuals live, work and travel (Mayes and Hart, 1994: 177). The progress that has been made towards the development of the EU’s single market will be identified in this study in order to determine the extent to which it has been a success. Barriers to the free movement of goods, services, people and capital The single market was intended to remove any barriers that restrict the free movement of goods, services, people and capital. A number of different policies have therefore been implemented that seek to remove any free movement restrictions (Mayes and Hart, 1994: 5). This has significantly impacted many organisations and industries within the internal market. However, unless EU policies are conformed to by all Member States it is unlikely that greater freedom will be attained within the EU. This is often at the expense of widely accepted practices; however this is considered necessary in achieving harmonisation. It therefore seems to be important that any barriers to trade are removed and that actions likely to impact sustainable development are eradicated. Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (ex Article 81 EC) provides that; â€Å"all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may aff ect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the internal market† shall be strictly prohibited. Any limitations that are placed upon the freedom to trade should therefore be prohibited so as to allow for the freedom of movement to be attained. Whether this is easy to establish in practice, is a debatable subject because although substantial improvements have been made in the 20 year history of the EU, it is clear that many obstacles still need to be overcome in guaranteeing a free market (Alam, 2007: 153). Single Market and Competition The establishment of the single market within the EU provides greater opportunities to businesses by providing them with access to the world’s largest trading bloc (Gov, 2013: 1). This enhances economic activity whilst also creating healthy competition through the stimulation of business and innovation. This leads to growth and job creation as export and trade will be increased Gov, 2013: 1). Not only does this have a beneficial impact upon the economy but it also increases productivity. Consumers also benefit from a single market as competition often leads to reduced costs for products and services. This was identified by Euromove when it was pointed out that competition is one of the main driving forces of an advanced modern economy as it â€Å"gives the consumer choice, it puts downward pressure on prices, it rewards innovation and it helps to create jobs (2009: 1). Nevertheless, in order to prevent unfairness and ensure that the single market is a level playing field, the EU has introduced various rules and principles that seek to create fair competition. Such principles impose a number of burdens upon businesses within the EU, although this is considered necessary in the proper functioning of the internal market. It was evidenced by Shuibhne that the establishment of the internal market created a different focus of competition law in terms of addressing the barriers to integration created by state intervention in the market and the problems that occurred as a result of the liberalisation processes of the 1990’s† (Shuibhne, 2006: 88). Whilst the legislative framework is now developed, on-going improvements continue to be made so that rules and regulations are being properly enforced and so that businesses and consumers understand the rules that exist within the internal market. This has been happening since the internal market was first established, so as to maintain an effective operation of the single market. Some of the improvements have included; improving and enforcing single market rules, reducing the regulatory burden imposed upon businesses, and the liberalisation of certain areas including; public procurement, public services and utilities (DTI, 2002: 1). In spite of these improvements, there are still many underlying weaknesses that exist in the single market which seems to suggest that it may not be as successful as originally anticipated in the internal market strategy. Some of these weaknesses have arisen as a result of; failures by Member States to implement some of the Directives (Kennedy, 2011: 108 ), a lack of co-operation that exists between Member States, or because of inadequate enforcement (Kennedy, 2011: 108). In 1999 the internal market strategy was put forward by the European Commission which set out the aims and objectives of the establishment of the internal market. Various measures were incorporated into this strategy which sought to guarantee the proper functioning of the single market. This strategy has since been reviewed on an annual basis, though it cannot be said that the internal market is complete. Therefore, despite the fact that many obstacles have already been removed by the EU, new challenges are continually being dealt with. It has been said that companies within the EU should take full advantage of the single market model since the free movement of capital, goods, services and labour would be realised more easily. Tax issues arising from cross-border mergers and acquisitions would effectively be minimised through economic integration. This was identified by Ilzkovitz et al; â€Å"the Internal Market is a powerful instrument to promote economic integration and to increase competition within the EU and it has been the source of large macro-economic benefits† (2007: 271). Arguably, it seems as though the main objective of the Single Market is to allow competition to be obtained through the ability to trade freely within the EU. In accordance with this, it would therefore be beneficial if EU Companies took full advantage of this market so as to avoid many issues that arise from various issues including the taxation issues that result from Merger and Acquisitions (M&A) deals. Hence M&A deals are struc tured in a way that results in harsh tax liabilities and since an asset-based deal will â€Å"typically expose the seller to two levels of taxation, corporate and personal and a stock-based transaction can be unattractive to a buyer given the tax treatment of fixed asset values† (Q Finance, 2010: 1). If a company only conducts business within the single market, then they will not be exposed to such harsh tax liabilities. This encourages competition which is imperative for the advancement of the economy. However, because there are certain restrictions that exist within the single market, companies often find it difficult to expand their business in the internal market. Thus, as argued by the European Commission; â€Å"national tax systems in the EU differ so much that it can be complicated and expensive for companies to expand in the single market† (European Commission, 2011: 1). Because of these problems, a number of proposals were put forward by the Commission to eliminate these absurdities including the introduction of a single set of tax rules, also known as a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB). This would make it a lot easier and cheaper for companies to do business within the EU and as identified by Goodall; â€Å"every year the CCCTB will save businesses across the EU ˆ700 million in reduced compliance costs, and ˆ1.3 billion through consolidation† (2011: 53). The current problems that emerge from companies entering into M&A dealings would be removed and harsh tax liabilities would be avoided. Long term administrative improvements would also be made for those companies operating in multiple member states (Drysdale, 2007: 66), which is welcoming for those companies wishing to save on taxation. The freedom of movement will be likely to be obtained more easily by the implementation of a CCCTB. This will certainly encourage competition within the single market and more companies would most likely enter into M&A deals as a result. Conversely, not all agree that the CCCTB is effective, however, and as a result of this many Member States have refused to support its implementation. It is felt that a CCCTB would be a â€Å"de facto infringement of their tax sovereignty should such a Directive be written into law† (Ernst and Young, 2011: 40). This provides an example of how Member States will not implement every Directive that exists under EU and signifies how greater co-operation is needed. In spite of this, there are many drawbacks that exist within a CCCTB and it is questionable whether the tax advantages of a CCCTB outweigh the drawbacks that would arise if it was implemented. In addition, it was confirmed by the Secretary to the Treasury, Justice Greening, that the draft directive to introduce a CCCTB does not comply with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality (Cave, 2011: 87). Furthermore, it is also unlikely that the government will agree to a proposal that might threaten or limit the UKâ €™s ability to shape its own tax policy (Cave, 2011: 87). In view of these assertions, it cannot be said that a CCCTB should be incorporated since it appears to be out of step with the principle of subsidiarity. This principle aimed to ensure that the EU only acted in instances where the proposed action could not be achieved by individual countries. Effectively, although there are many benefits of a CCCTB, there are also a significant amount of drawbacks that transpire and it seems as though the government ought to ensure that a CCCTB, if implemented, does not undermine competition, whilst also ensuring that extensive opportunities for tax avoidance are not created. It is arguable whether this can be achieved and it seems as though extra demands will in fact be placed upon corporate tax departments. Taxation Articles 25-31 and 39-60 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) lay down the fundamental freedoms that are relevant to tax law and thus facilitate free movement of goods, services, persons and capital within the European Economic Area (EEA). Accordingly, as argued by Sypris, the changes made by the implementation of the TFEU; â€Å"influence the internal market case law of the Court of Justice, which represents a significant threat to national labour laws and practices† (2008; 219). The ECJ held in Gschwind v Finanzamt Aachen-Aubenstadt (Case C-391/97) [1999] ECR I-5451, [2001] STC 331, ECJ that direct taxation is a matter which â€Å"falls within the competence of Member States,† however, that competence must be exercised in accordance with EU law (Lee, 2010: 1473). This demonstrates how Member States no longer have complete control of their own laws and that the fundamental freedoms, enshrined under the TFEU, must also be taken into considerati on. As noted by Lee; â€Å"ever since the treaties first came into force, the fundamental freedoms have been interpreted broadly, so as to strike down domestic legal rules incompatible with an internal market† (2010: 1474). This is also exemplified under Article 26 which states that; â€Å"the Union shall adopt measures with the aim of establishing or ensuring the functioning of the internal market, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Treaties.† Since the laws of all Member States must guarantee compliance with Treaty provisions, tax law will be affected. The ECJ’s decision in Cadbury Schweppes v Commissioners of the Inland Revenue Case C-196/04 [2006] 3 WLR 890 shows how EU law affects UK tax law. Here, it was held that the broad interpretation of the Controlled Foreign Companies (CFC) provisions were incompatible with EU law because of the restrictions that were being placed upon freedom of establishment under Article 56 of the TFEU (ex Article 49 EC). It was noted by the ECJ that â€Å"hindrance to freedom can only be justified on the ground of counteraction of tax avoidance if the legislation in question is specifically designed to exclude from a tax advantage wholly artificial arrangements aimed at circumventing national law.† Subsequent to this decision, significant amendments were made to the CFC rules under Schedule 16 of the Finance Act 2009 in order to ensure that EU law was being fully complied with. The Acceptable Distribution Policy (ADP) exemption was abolished and changes to the Income and Corporation Tax es Act 1988 (ICTA) were made by introducing a new section 751AA. This illustrates the importance of the single market and exemplified how UK tax law will be affected by the provisions contained in the EU. The same rules will also apply in relation to the other Member States, though not all agree that this is appropriate. Instead, it is argued that abuses of national law can be effectuated as a result of EU law provisions and that the legislation in question must not be used as a blanket method of justifying abuses such as tax avoidance† (Wellens, 2009: 1). In view of this, it is manifest that national courts are required to undertake a case by case approach when considering individual situations. Various harmonisation measures have been implemented by the EU to facilitate the integration into the single market, including; the merger directive, the parent/subsidiary directive and the interest and royalties directive. The Merger Directive was designed to facilitate mergers across European borders so that it would be easier for companies to engage in dealings, whilst also reducing the tax burden. This was intended to establish common rules governing the cross-border merger of companies within the EEA† (Cain, 2007: 2). It cannot be said that tax harmonisation has been created by the Directive (Bell, 2004: 1), which is again due to the relcuatnce of Member States to implement the Directive. Unless co-operation exists, the Directive cannot be fully utilised and tax harmonisation cannot be achieved. The Parent/Subsidiary Directive was designed to â€Å"grant cross-border transactions the same favourable treatment as is provided for equivalent purely domestic transactions† (Tiley, 2008: 34) and was to be applied to parent and subsidiary companies of Member States. Akin to the Merger Directive, the harmonisation of taxes was intended yet this does not appear to have been achieved as harmonisation is still lacking. Nevertheless, because companies within Member States are still being taxed on income that has been derived from substantial interests, the Directive is not being fully implemented which may be â€Å"contrary to the free movement of capital and freedom of establishment, as well as the Parent-Subsidiary Directive, because such income is as a rule exempt from taxation if derived by local parent companies† (Morgan, 2010: 18). Therefore, the extent to which these Directives are being utilised is debatable. The Interest and Royalties Directive intended to eliminate withholding tax obstacles in the area of cross-border interest and royalty payments within a group of companies (HM Revenue and Customs, 2003: 1). Under this Directive companie s are subjected to a reduced tax liability if their members dealt with each other within the EU. Nevertheless, because no single tax has been created it is questionable whether these Directives are in fact sufficient. Conclusion The establishment of the EU’s single market has brought about significant benefits for EU Member States. A large number of jobs have been created and the opportunities for individuals within the internal market have significantly increased. Regardless of this, the extent to which the objectives of the single market have been attained remains uncertain in light of the obstacles that transpire. It is often difficult to determine whether a free market is truly being achieved since there is a great deal of confliction that now exists. This can be seen in relation to the provisions contained in Article 101, which restrain the free flow of goods. This is clearly contrary the free movement provisions and the courts have been faced with much difficulty over the years as a result of this. In addition, there are many inherent difficulties that arise for companies who wish to enter the internal market and although the implementation of a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) has been proposed, it has been said that this would create even more difficulties. Nevertheless, because taxation comes into conflict with the free movement provisions because of the fact that Member States no longer have complete control of their own laws, it seems as though a CCCTB would be beneficial. Because of these obstacles, it is thereby questionable whether the single market has been as successful as one would have hoped. References Alam, S. (2007) Sustainable Development and Free Trade: Institutional Approaches, Business & Economics, London: Routledge. Barnard, C. (2002) The Law of the Single Market: Unpacking the Premises., Oxford: Hart Publishing. Bell, S., (2011) ‘Amendments to Merger Directive: A New Dawn for Cross-Border Reorganisations?’ (2004) International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, [Online] Available: http://www.freshfields.com/publications/pdfs/practices/dfi030401.pdf [29 April, 2014]. Bently, L. and Sherman, B. (2008) Intellectual Property Law, 3rd Edition, Oxford: OUP. Cain, B., (2007) ‘Cross-Border Mergers Directive’ 31 Companies Secretary’s Review 9, Issue 2. Correa. C. M, Intellectual Property and Competition Law: Exploring Some Issues of Relevance to Developing Countries, ICTDS, Issue Paper No 21, ICTDS Programme on IRPs and Sustainable Development, (October, 2007), [Online] Available at: http://www.iprsonline.org/resources/docs/corea_Oct07.pdf [29 March 2014]. Cave, R., (2011) ‘EU Tax Developments’ 32 Tolley’s Practical Tax Newsletter 87, Issue 11. Drysdale, D., (2007) ‘HMRC, Business and the Tax Profession – An Uneasy Relationship’ 28 Tolley’s Practical Tax Newsletter 66, Issue 9. DTI., (2002) ‘Single Market’ [Online] Available: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dti.gov.uk/europe/pagej.html [29 April, 2014]. Ernst & Young., (2011) ‘EU: European Commission Publishes Final Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) Proposals’ News 16/03/2011 40LNB. Europa. (2012) ‘What is the Single Market’ [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/20years/singlemarket20/facts-figures/what-is-the-single-market_en.htm [30 March 2014]. European Commission. (2012) ‘The Single Market Act’ The EU Single Market, [01 April 2014]. Goodall, A., (2011) ‘EC Proposes ‘Common Tax Base’ 32 Tolley’s Practical Tax Newsletter 53, Issue 7. European Commission., (2000) ‘Communication on Services of General Interest in Europe’ 580 Final. Euromove., (2009) ‘EU Competition Policy’ [Online] Available: http://www.euromove.org.uk/index.php?id=6516 [29 April, 2014]. HM Revenue & Customs., (2003) ‘INTM400010 – EU Interest and Royalties Directive: Overview of the Directive’ [Online] Available: http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/intmanual/intm400010.htm [29 April, 2014]. Ilzkovitz, F., Dierx, V., Kovacs, V., and Sousa, N., (2007) ‘Steps Toward a Deeper Economic Integration: The Internal Market in the 21st Century; A Contribution to the Single Market Review’ European Economy, European Commission, Economic Papers, No 271, [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication784_en.pdf [29 April 2014]. Kennedy, T. P., (2011) European Law, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Lee, N., (2010) Revenue Law Principles and Practice, 28th Edition, London: Bloomsbury Professional. Marquis. M. (2007) ’02 (Germany) v Commission and the Exotic Mysteries of Article 81 (1) EC)’ European Law Review 29, 1-6. Mayes, D. G. and Hart, P. (1994) The Single Market Programme as a Stimulus to Change: Comparisons Between Britain and Germany, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Morgan, C., (2010) ‘Analysis – International Review’ 1015 Tax Journal 18. O’Loghlin. R. (2003) ‘EC Competition Rules and Free Movement Rules: An Examination of the Parallels and Their Furtherance by the ECJ Wouters Decision’ European Competition Law Review 62, 224-237. Shuibhne, N. N. (2006) Regulating the Internal Market, Edward Elgar Publishing: London. Steiner, J. and Woods, L. (2009) EU Law, 10th Edition, Oxford: OUP. Syrpis, P., (2008) ‘The Treaty of Lisbon: Much Ado†¦But About What?’ Industrial Law Journal, 37 (219), Issue 3, 219-235. The European Commission., (2011) ‘Simpler Tax Rules for Businesses’ (2011) Europa, [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/news/economy/110318_1_en.htm [29 April, 2014]. Tiley, J., (2008) Revenue Law, 6th edn Hart Publishing. Wellens, R., 2009. Cadbury Schweppes and beyond: the future of the UK CFC Rules. Tax Working Papers, [online] Available at [29 March 2014]. Wesseling, R. (1999) ‘The Commission White Paper on Modernisation of EC Antitrust Law’ (20 European Competition Law Review 427, 422-427. Q Finance., (2010) ‘Structuring M&A Deals and Tax Planning’ [Online] Available: http://www.qfinance.com/mergers-and-acquisitions-checklists/structuring-m-and-a-deals-and-tax-planning [29 April, 2014].

State Of Texas Vs. Johnson (1989) Essays - Civil Disobedience

State Of Texas Vs. Johnson (1989) Essays - Civil Disobedience State of Texas vs. Johnson (1989) Justice Viveiros delivers the opinion of the court: Gregory Lee Johnson has been convicted of desecrating a flag in violation of Texas law; a conviction which questions ones guaranteed First Amendment, constitutional rights. Johnson's involvement in a political demonstration in Dallas, lead him to express his political concerns with the nations leaders and governmental policies. The State of Texas' conviction of Johnson was carried out due to Johnson's conduct, a physically expressive act, rather than a written or spoken one and based on two criteria: a responsibility to preserve the integrity of the flag representing the strength, pride and unity of our nation and whether Johnson's actions threatened societal order and peace. Both criteria, which serve as the basis for Gregory Lee Johnson's conviction, have been explored in depth, and this court concludes the following... Johnson's form of political expression did not cause societal disorder or disrupt the peace. There were no violent outbreaks, either verbal or physical, from members of Johnson's protest, or other citizens, who may view flag burning as a distasteful, ungrateful, slap in the face of our nation. However, the State of Texas has already acknowledged this fact. The State ruled that regardless of the lack of evidence that Johnson's actions have threatened societal order and public peace, on account there were no such occurrences, flag burning has the potential to do so. The State has concluded that flag burning could: first, stir up people's emotions enough, possibly resulting in intense public arguments, violent physical disputes, or riots, and second, serves as an invitation for others to take political protests to the next level, which could be dangerous. The States decision brings up two questions, is flag burning as a form of political protest an agreeable method of practicing ones First Amendment rights, or an attempt to persuade others to take the act beyond the rights of citizens to more serious and dangerously, harmful, acts of protest?, and does the State have the right to claim that Johnson's conduct had the potential or indented to cause a violent encounter with passionate opposition to flag burning, even if the act did not do so? Johnson is an individual, responsible for his own actions, not the actions of others. He has chosen to practice his First Amendment rights, by expressing his disapproval of government leadership and polices, by publicly burning and American flag. It is this courts decision that Johnson has not intended to encourage others to take more drastic approaches of protesting government. Johnson can not be accountable for wrongful impressions of his intentions. The State has allowed itself power not granted by the United States Constitution, by convicting Johnson for an act that potentially causes violent confrontations. Had publicly burning a flag caused a fight or rioting, this would be an entirely different case. However, the fact remains, the protest resulted in no such event. There is also no evidence that Johnson intended his protest to provoke societal disorder. Again, the State has not the right to base charges of Johnson's intentions with no evidence, only expressing concerns of the potential negative effects of Johnson's actions. The State's conviction is therefore unjust, based on its claim that Johnson has threatened societal order and peace. This does not disregard the conviction of Johnson entirely, the right of the State to preserve the integrity of the flag must still be discussed. Likewise, this courts ruling does not disregard the right of the State of Texas to promote and ensure order. History and common sense both show, order and peace necessary aspects of a stable, powerful nation and both must be ensured to protect American citizens. However, it has not been proven that Johnson's public desecration of the flag has infringed American peace or has promoted or intended to evoke societal disorder. The State's conviction of Johnson, based on a responsibility to preserve the integrity of the flag as a representation of national unity and pride, brings about several questions involving the meaning of America itself, and what our nation ezds for. The State concerns involve the message perceived by others, at the actions of Johnson. If a citizen can publicly destroy the symbol representing our nations pride

Example of Term Paper

Example of Term Paper Example of Term Paper Example of Term Paper Example of a term paper is a useful piece of writing as it gives you a primary idea about the topic development, references, and overall flow of ideas.   is a team of professional writers available 24/7 to help you with custom term paper writing. Term paper written with our help is free of plagiarism and meets all requirements.   Our blog on paper writing is absolutely free and consists of free examples of term papers. Example of Term Paper on Egypt The unification of Egypt was traditionally ascribed to Menes the first Pharaoh, whom Egyptologists equate with Narmer (or perhaps Merinar), a king whose monuments have been found at Hierakonpolis and Abydos near which the dynasty originated. The material remains of this period are scanty and come mostly from greatly damaged tombs at Saqqara and the no less ruined cenotaphs at Abydos. Perhaps if our picture were more complete we should be able to see that the transition from the culture of Predynastic to that of Pharaonic Egypt was gradual, but at this distance of time, it has all the appearance of a sudden efflorescence. It may be that the cessation of sectarian strife and the concentration of effort under one leader stimulated a great upsurge in all manner of creative enterprises. According to a tradition which Herodotus records, Menes was accredited with founding 'White Walls' as a Residence City, later to be called Memphis, on ground reclaimed by diverting the course of the Nile at the junction of Upper and Lower Egypt. He also undertook larger irrigation and drainage schemes in the vicinity, a policy to which subsequent kings must have been committed by the magical powers they were supposed to exercise over the Nile flood, and by the demands of a growing population. A steadily increasing prosperity is to be inferred from the progressive size and magnificence of the tombs of this dynasty. The large timber joists and roofing beams used in these constructions suggest that trade with the Lebanon was extensive. A rock-relief of Djer the third king of the dynasty has come to light near Buhen in the Sudan and shows that some attempt was already being made to control the savage tribes even of this remote Southern region, probably by armed forays.The monuments of Dy nasty II are even scantier than those of Dynasty I. The Royal tombs of the period have not yet been found though they probably await discovery under the Saqqara sands. Cenotaphs have, however, been uncovered by Petrie at Abydos. It would appear that, as so often happens in Egyptian history, the new rulers were inimical to the family they supplanted. An echo of rebellion and religious strife is faintly caught in the fragmentary records that have survived. All the tombs and cenotaphs of Dynasty I have been deliberately and openly fired, and of the rich treasure that they once contained only a few tantalizing scraps exist. This contention at the very head of affairs must have retarded the growth of the Pharaonic State and reduced its prestige and prosperity. Custom Term Paper Writing Service Example of term paper is useful, especially when it meets your topic requirements.   Nevertheless, you can rarely find a pre-written term paper on your specific topic.   Sure, you can spend many hours looking for the free term paper on your topic. We offer a better solution - custom term paper writing service!   We will write your term paper from scratch and within any deadline of your choice!

Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird Essays Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Essay Topic: To Kill a Mockingbird In the beginning of the book, To Kill A MockingBird, not much is mentioned about Boo Radley. There are many rumors saying he was a horrible person who stayed in his house his whole life. As the reader we see Boo Radley change from a monster to a savior because of the secretive actions he displays. Sometimes things don’t always appear to be what you think they are. You can’t judge a book by it’s cover. During the entire book Scout and Jem don’t even know Boo is trying to help them. Scout’s views of Boo develops and changes throughout the book. Boo Radley is described as a tall guy with blood stained hands from killing and eating raw animals, big popping eyes, scars covering his face with yellow and rotten teeth as well as drool dripping from his mouth. The first part of the book, Scout is a young boy who is terrified of Boo Radley. She assumes he is evil due to all the rumors she has heard about him. However, Scout always follows her older brother, Jem, who wants to play a game named â€Å"Boo Radley.† Scout hears noises that make her want to quit playing the game. She said, â€Å"I heard another sound, so low I could not have heard it from the sidewalk. Someone inside was laughing.† (41) Scout is curious of Boo Radley and wonders why he never leaves his house. Jem and Scout describe Boo as a scary monster which leads us to believe he might be the antagonist and an evil character in the book. Jem and Scout pass the Radley house on the way to and from school every morning and afternoon. One day, Jem and Scout discover a package in a hole in front of the tree next to the Radley’s house. It consisted of chewing gum. They were afraid to eat it because they thought it was poisoned. The next week they found an old tarnished medal in the same spot as the gum which appeared to be from a spelling bee. The week after Jem and Scout found a pocket watch on a chain with a aluminum knife. Scout begins to think Boo is a real person. However

Green Tourism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Green Tourism - Coursework Example This research aims to identify best environmental practice in the area of tourism in the UK. It is hypothesised that green tourism, which has gained wide acceptance, benefits the organisation or business and the entire community that is taking advantage of a natural environment. Green tourism also promotes protection and preservation of the environment. True. But whilst we may promote tourism, profits in mind, let us not forget our environment. Governments and organisations, and every human being on this planet earth, have to do something good to the world and the environment in the midst of business and profits. With the sudden and so much advancement in technology, added with a fast-growing population, mother earth has truly suffered. Global warming is a big threat to humanity. Because of toxic pollution and environmental pollutants left behind by businesses which have no regard for the world, there is far great damage done to the environment and man. Tourism involves people, transient people, taking advantage of nature or the environment, and if they are not truly guided and informed of simple rules about proper use of the environment and nature, there will be destruction on the original creations of nature. Tourists, local or foreign, should be guided and allowed to admire nature and the environment properly, in the same way we deal with our business establishments and other structures, man-made and natural. There should be a way to handle them properly, and also a way to reciprocate this goodness of tourists from the establishments that the tourists or citizens are passing through. That is the aim of green tourism. We will conduct our research about environmental best practice on business establishments in England and Scotland and other parts of the UK. We will investigate green companies that bring the values of environmental sustainability into their everyday practices. This research will involve distribution of questionnaires and telephone interviews to determine the measures they are taking to preserve and protect the environment, and help attain sustainable development. We will also be surfing the web for websites of businesses and organisations with best environmental practices. In the course of our research, we will also feature case studies of organisations in their best environmental practice. We will highlight these case studies in and around England and Scotland to demonstrate our hypotheses. Research Objectives: Our research objectives / questions are: a. What best environmental measures are being practiced by green companies in the UK b. How can these practices be enhanced or improved c. What are the good practices of green tourism d. How is green tourism related to sustainable development e. How does green tourism help improve business Chapter 1 1.1 Background Businesses and organisations have programmes focused on best practice. In tourism, businesses are encouraged to joining organisations with green tourism themes and sustainable devel

The Christian Building and the Jewish Synagogue Essay

The Christian Building and the Jewish Synagogue - Essay Example The Dura-Europos synagogue is referred to by some as "Pompeii of the Syrian Desert†, due to the remarkable preservation it underwent. The Dura exhibited a rectangular shape of the grid, and was located in close proximity with the central agora streets.The location of the Dora on the main crossroads made it a cosmopolitan city, according to inscriptions with multiple languages, together with numerous religious buildings for Jews, Pagans, and Christians that lay side by side (Davies and Whitehead 175). Dura Europos was abandoned after the Sassanian siege that took place between 254 and late 256. During the last gasp of saving the city, the synagogue got filled in in-order to make a fortress, thus facilitating its preservation. This was followed by eventual covering of the city with shifting sands that caused its disappearance. Architectural PortraitThe Dura Europos was largely made of the mud-brick architecture, but its siege works and walls had the dramatic remains that combined with the precipitous views on the Euphrates green valley that made for the striking sight (Olin 10). Being a cosmopolitan society, the Dura-Europos exhibited many inscriptions of different origins, including Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Safaic and the Palmyrenean. Among the Dura Euporos homes, there were three that were converted for religious purposes. For instance, the Mithraem was dedicated to Mithras god worship, and another one had its structure modified to create a synagogue for the Jews (Feugere 723).

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Analysis - Case Study Example This was also to address the uniform distribution of the vertical load on the two wheels through the creation of a design that could vary the normal force and rotational velocity applied to the burnishing tire to ensure that one wheel is not overwhelmed which might lead to the bursting of the tire on that wheel. The track surfaces used for wet traction tests develop non-uniformity in grip levels over time, the antilock braking system prevents the wheel from skidding in low traction situation, the main aim of the project under this report was to develop an implement that can be attached to a tractor and powered by the tractor’s power take off. This implement was to function in the exact fashion as an ABS system. This was to ensure that even at times when the strip surface had developed less grip capability the tire would still hold on to the track without skidding. i.e. To provide constant grip over time. In the project under this report, it was required for the team to create a design for an implement which can be attached to a tractor and driven by the tractor power take-off, which could be used to rotate the tires so that it could burnish or scrub the surface of a test track as the tractor moves the implement along the surface. In order to avoid constant scrubbing this implement was to offer the capability to change the vertical load on the tire, the goal is to enhance the effectiveness of the burnishing process by increasing the time period between the needed burnishing, decrease the time required to burnish, and achieve the target coefficient of friction consistently over the entirety of the test area(L. Beaver, A. Drew and J. Leitzsey). The solution to this problem was based majorly on the constraints on the design of the traction method, the solution to the constraints mainly focused on speeding up the current burnishing process and providing more even coverage while creating a design that would be easy to operate and maintain. The

Business & Society - Social Performance Assignment

Business & Society - Social Performance - Assignment Example In this case the following companies will be examined: Snapple, which distributes and manufactures fruit juices and teas; Nestle, whose subsidiary, Perrier, is a brand of mineral water; and Dole, who manufactures and distributes various fruit juices. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines specifically state that organizations are to follow and implement a program that addresses compliance with ethics programs (Federal Sentencing Guidelines  §8B2.1). Specifically, this section is concerned with ensuring that all organizations not only have an effective ethical Code of Conduct, which specifically addresses that organizations must use due diligence to prevent and detect criminal conduct and promote an effective organizational culture that encourages ethical conduct and law compliance, but that these organizations are effective with ensuring that employees are aware of the organizational Code and follow it. This paper will explain who Pured will not only implement an effective program but t hat its employees are aware of the Code of Conduct and will follow it. Introduction Pured ® is a beverage company which manufactures and distributes bottled mineral water and packaged fruit juice as products. It is a medium-sized public limited company launched in 2009, with 68% public ownership and 32% private capital of its total worth. ... In this case the following companies will be examined: Snapple, which distributes and manufactures fruit juices and teas; Nestle, whose subsidiary, Perrier, is a brand of mineral water; and Dole, who manufactures and distributes various fruit juices. Snapple Dr. Pepper and Snapple are a part of the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., and their Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available at investor.drpeppersnapple.com. They have specific tenets regarding conflicts of interest, political contributions, confidential information, integrity and fair dealing, employment of family, and theft or misuse of assets. Since Dr. Pepper and Snapple is a large organization, the Guidelines Manual states that they shall devote more formal operations and greater resources in meeting the guideline requirements (Federal Sentencing Guidelines). The guidelines also state that the company must set up standards and procedures to prevent and detect criminal conduct; that the company must not knowingly hire somebody who has engaged in illegal activities or has previously broken compliance with ethics programs; that the company shall communicate the ethics policies periodically; that the ethics program shall be enforced consistently; and that if there is criminal conduct, the organization shall take step to appropriately respond (Federal Sentencing Guidelines). In the case of Dr. Pepper/Snapple, there is very little in the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics page that would suggest that they are conforming with the Federal Guidelines. They do not address criminal conduct, except to say that the employees of the firm must follow all laws, rules and regulations. They do not outline what steps they will take if there is a

Utilitarianism and morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Utilitarianism and morality - Essay Example This theoretical standpoint was reiterated by Jeremy Bentham who made the proposition that an action is right in proportion as it tends to promote pleasure or happiness, and (an action is also) wrong as it tends to produce the reverse of the happiness. Taking a Position on whether Utilitarianism Is Correct to Condone These Actions, Given the Circumstances It is not agreeable that utilitarianism is right to condone these actions, depending on circumstances. One of the reasons why one may disagree with utilitarian’s act of condoning some actions is because, fundamentally, utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism. This is seen in the utilitarians’ postulation which states that pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things that are desirable as ends. In this light, an action is regarded as morally wrong or right, depending entirely on its consequences. In this light, an action is considered morally right if it produces the best outcome of choices that have been ava iled. The flipside of this is that if an action does not produce the best outcome, then it is not right. According to Sedaris, the import of the foregoing is that actions are regarded as morally right if the greatest number benefit from it, yet there are instances where morally right standards or values may not be popular among the masses but among a few. An apt example which repudiates utilitarians’ consequentialist approach is democracy.... This is because the ethics and morality have fundamentals that surpass the concept of gain. An action is right not because it benefits the greatest number but because it is, in its essence, legitimate. It is not, for instance, ethically or morally right for an organization to whimsically decide to punctiliously trim employees’ emoluments on the mere account that such a move will increase the organization’s profit margin and shareholders’ dividend. Even if the employees being shortchanged may be few and too weak to defend themselves or resist the move and the organization have accrued increased profits, the move remains intrinsically immoral since it amounts to the betrayal of an already operational agreement or contract between the employee and the employer. Similarly, the move remains immoral simply because it amounts to the exploitation of the weak and not because it merely does not benefit the greatest number. Again, utilitarians’ act of condoning an ac tion based on the fact that it benefits the greatest number is unacceptable,simply because it reduces human beings and the concept of morality to a matter of statistics. As long as the beneficiaries outweigh the number of the shortchanged, then that action is regarded as legitimate, and the shortchanged minority is bypassed as collateral damage. Again, by saying that an act is ethically legitimate depending on its ability to benefit the greatest number of people is to reduce moral duties to a matter of popularity. This means that (the observation of) moral duty such as telling the truth and doing honest business is no longer an absolute or really necessary. Even though Emanuel Kant advances that people

Business & Society - Social Performance Assignment

Business & Society - Social Performance - Assignment Example In this case the following companies will be examined: Snapple, which distributes and manufactures fruit juices and teas; Nestle, whose subsidiary, Perrier, is a brand of mineral water; and Dole, who manufactures and distributes various fruit juices. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines specifically state that organizations are to follow and implement a program that addresses compliance with ethics programs (Federal Sentencing Guidelines  §8B2.1). Specifically, this section is concerned with ensuring that all organizations not only have an effective ethical Code of Conduct, which specifically addresses that organizations must use due diligence to prevent and detect criminal conduct and promote an effective organizational culture that encourages ethical conduct and law compliance, but that these organizations are effective with ensuring that employees are aware of the organizational Code and follow it. This paper will explain who Pured will not only implement an effective program but t hat its employees are aware of the Code of Conduct and will follow it. Introduction Pured ® is a beverage company which manufactures and distributes bottled mineral water and packaged fruit juice as products. It is a medium-sized public limited company launched in 2009, with 68% public ownership and 32% private capital of its total worth. ... In this case the following companies will be examined: Snapple, which distributes and manufactures fruit juices and teas; Nestle, whose subsidiary, Perrier, is a brand of mineral water; and Dole, who manufactures and distributes various fruit juices. Snapple Dr. Pepper and Snapple are a part of the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., and their Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available at investor.drpeppersnapple.com. They have specific tenets regarding conflicts of interest, political contributions, confidential information, integrity and fair dealing, employment of family, and theft or misuse of assets. Since Dr. Pepper and Snapple is a large organization, the Guidelines Manual states that they shall devote more formal operations and greater resources in meeting the guideline requirements (Federal Sentencing Guidelines). The guidelines also state that the company must set up standards and procedures to prevent and detect criminal conduct; that the company must not knowingly hire somebody who has engaged in illegal activities or has previously broken compliance with ethics programs; that the company shall communicate the ethics policies periodically; that the ethics program shall be enforced consistently; and that if there is criminal conduct, the organization shall take step to appropriately respond (Federal Sentencing Guidelines). In the case of Dr. Pepper/Snapple, there is very little in the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics page that would suggest that they are conforming with the Federal Guidelines. They do not address criminal conduct, except to say that the employees of the firm must follow all laws, rules and regulations. They do not outline what steps they will take if there is a

Emergency Preparedness and Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency Preparedness and Response - Essay Example The laboratory workers identify the pathogen, and physicians notify the local health department and treat the patient (Hughes & Gerberding, 2002, p.1013; Harris & Yeskey, 2011). The latter serve as the early warning system in the prevention and response system (Harris & Yeskey, 2011). Once identified, state and national health agencies must be notified. Hughes and Gerberding (2002) stressed the importance of the â€Å"’golden triangle’ of response between clinicians and clinical microbiologists, the health-care delivery system, and public health officials† (p.1013). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) oversee the golden triangle. They allocate funding across health agencies. In response to the 2001 anthrax attacks, CDC created â€Å"rapid response teams composed of individuals with expertise in field operations, epidemiology, microbiology, data management, and communications† to assist affected areas (Hughes & Gerberding, 2002, p.1014). CDC is in charge of disseminating knowledge of new infections and treatment methods. However, communication is not well developed. Szpiro, Johnson and Buckeridge (2007) argued that early recognition and two – way communication between the health officials and clinics are insufficiently developed in the USA. As a result, a needed prophylactic distribution within three days after an attack cannot be achieved (Szpiro, Johnson & Buckeridge, 2007, 102, p.103). They argue that the health system needs to incorporate syndrome surveillance of all possible biological pathogens affecting humans, so that in case of an attack, symptoms can be recognized. Following the current suit of only few pathogen recognition abilities, most pathogens go unrecognized (Szpiro, Johnson & Buckeridge, 2007, p.103). However, in case of anthrax, since its occurrence dropped to zero after 1900, only one case would be necessary (Szpiro, Johnson & Buckeridge, 2007, p.104). Syndromic

A considerate of contemporary management function Essay Example for Free

A considerate of contemporary management function Essay A considerate of contemporary management function of the employer-employee relationship The six journal articles that have been looked at stem from the original Locke, (1982) article. Frederick W. Taylor popularised of scientific management. The essay will discuss 5 aspects of Taylor’s ideas about scientific management and show how understandings of contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship have been developed from Taylor’s ideas. What was Taylor’s idea about the management? Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively. The ideas about the relationship between employer and employee have been developed from a nother. Retain critical employees is important and necessary. According to the Fitz-enz(1997), the company average losses 1 million with every 10 people who is the managerial and professional employees. In addition, the total cost of least a former employee at least a year of wages and benefits, up to two years of unpaid salary and benefits. This is a huge economic loss with a company loses a number of critical employees. As a manager, we must give employees adequate physiological, safety, love, esteem. One of the advice is managers should look into a way to motivate employees to achieve a satisfactory and unmet needs through activities and exercises. Managers have a responsibility to create a suitable environment to inspire employees to their fullest potential. If no such right environment, will lead to a big difference such as lower job satisfaction, lower productivity, lower profit with a company. How to effectively improve the relationship between managers and employees? Taylor given 4 methods. (a) Scientific management: In Principles of Scientific Management (1911)Fredrick Winslow Taylor, the â€Å"Father† of scientific management utilises scientific methods to define th e â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done (b) Scientific selections. Taylor advocated selecting only first class(i.e., high aptitude) men for a given job because their productivity would be several times greater than that of the average man. (c) Money bonus. Taylor claimed that the money is what employees want most, he thinks employees should be paid from 30% to 100% higher wages for to do his job. (d) Management responsibility for training. Taylor thought that most contemporary managers should fully accept the notion that training new employees is their responsibility. My understanding about the  employer-employee relationship has also been shaped by these articles. I have learnt that (1) Scientific management can focus speed of production, low cost production and availability of an unskilled workforce. In addition, today’s use of scientific management can use time and motion studies to increase productivity, hire the best qualified employees and design incentive systems based on output. Equity theory is a theory of social comparison effect on employees. This theory appears to be very common, but it is very important. Equity theory refers to the rate of employees with their work output and input compared with others. Time input includes the time of the work, work habits, work experience, work attitude, and so on. When they found unfair, they usually can’t change the rate of others, can’t change their input, so employees will find ways to change their output. This may mean that they will reduce their work time or effort to work. Then, the manager can use the equity theory to motivate employees. Managers can use a more open system of remuneration paid for employees to understand each position and every effort should position relative to how much salary can be get. (2) Scientific selections: Everybody have their own good aspects, based on each person strengths and rational allocation of work. As a result, not only can bring effectively produce but also can make person enjoy their work. According to the Wren (1979) notes that Taylor focuses on scientific selection can promote the develop ment of industrial psychology and personnel management and other areas. (3) Money bonus: How to influence people? The most common method is money bonus. Such as up wages, bonuses, benefits. These things are the most effective way to influence the work of passion and power of a work. Through the Vroom’s (1946) expectancy theory, we can find that an employee will play his better efforts when he is convinced that his efforts would be better evaluated. And these evaluations will bring him more rewards such as bonuses, salary increases. These rewards will meet staff personal goals. Individual employee attitudes and enthusiasm in their work will determine to a large extent a companys performance. According to the Porter (1968) and Lawler’s expectancy model of motivation, this model proposes two factors that determine spending on a number of tasks energy. The first is the personal rewards from work to get. These returns will be the psychological perception of employees is their own work to be sure. The second is that these returns will be formed job satisfaction. (4) Management  responsibility for training: The staff training is an essential element of human resource management. Managers can’t ignore their training responsibilities. Understanding management system in staff training in this area can help you build an effective training system to help you prepare new employees for their work To sum up, from the six articles considered, scientific management can not only getting the most output from the least amount of inputs but also focus on those work activities that will help the company reach its goals. Taylor’s idea has shaped modern employer-employee relationships. Work is still specialised, personal are still trained. The quality of work is still rewarded in bonuses, as well as other. Reference: 1.Three chapters in The Ideas of Frederick W Taylor: An Evaluation. 2.Wren, D. A. The evolution of management thought (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1979. 3.Towards a unified model of employee motivation / Darren J. Elding, Andrew M. Tobias and David S. Walk [Chichester, West Sussex, England] : John Wiley Sons, Ltd., 2006 4.Kotter, John P. What effective general managers really do / John P. Kotter Boston [etc.] : Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1982 5.Managing in the new millennium : understanding the managers motivational tool bag / Patricia M. Buhl Burlington, Iowa, etc., National Research Bureau, etc.], 2003 6.A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organiz Hollywood, FL : Journal of American Academy of Business, 2004

The possible solution

The possible solution CHAPTER VII One reason for dissatisfaction with the IWT is that, as presently constructed, it offers very thin support to the integrated or joint development of the Indus River Basin. After all the treatys success, in the face of huge distrust and animosity between the two signatory, had largely to do with its abandonment of customary international norms governing internationally shared rivers. In particular, it discarded the norms protecting the downstream countrys traditional uses of rivers wtare, in place of which it offered geo-physical partition of the river system itself. This formula was conceivable only in the unique geographic and political circumstances of the Indus Basin[1] As has been brought out in the previous chapter the complete abrogation of the IWT is not possible therefore there is a need to generate various options that can be exercised to resolve the conflict of interest between Pakistan and Kashmir over water resources. Pakistans answer to the problem lies in complete contr ol over the state of Jammu Kashmir which would place the watershed areas in its control and solve its problem of being a lower riparian state. This is not a practical solution. Indias solution to the problems envisages gradual erosion of the provision of the treaty by constructions of dams in Jammu and Kashmir which would enable it to exploit the resources of the three Northern rivers while remain on the fringes of the treaty. These different approaches by both the countries may not provide us with a solution which would be acceptable to the masses of India, Pakistan and the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Let us examine some of the solutions that have been offered by various personalities as also see the feasibility of implementing them. Chenab Formula [2] Pakistan has directly or indirectly emphasised the Chenab Formula as the most preferred option. This division would be based on the flow of the Chenab, but it would to some extent coincide with religious demography.Why is then Pakistan interested in the Chenab formula that includes parts of Jammu? With a small twist to this proposal, consider the hypothetical situation, as suggested by many experts, of only Kashmir being a part of Pakistan, and entire Jammu province and Ladakh under India. One evident outcome of such an arrangement would be the dissolving of the Indus Waters Treaty, as the political status of Kashmir would change. The distribution of water resources would be altered. Pakistan would then have complete control over only the Indus, Jhelum, and some of their tributaries. The Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers would fall under Indias jurisdiction. This arrangement would be detrimental to Pakistan, as it would lose a major water source the Chenab. The incumbent major water resources for Pakistan Indus and Jhelum have already been exploited to the maximum in Pakistani Punjab itself where over half their water flows is diverted for irrigation. The Chenab also is a major source of water to Punjab. Moreover, the Chenab-Jhelum combine is the only tributary of the Indus that enhances the latters flow downstream Punjab. Losing Chenab to India would mean drastic reduction in water supplies to Sindh, which is already on the brink of a water crisis. It is imperative to note here that the location where the eastern tributaries merge to join the Indus River is at a point just prior to entering Sindh. Moreover, Sindh receives water only from the Indus River. Losing Chenab would also warrant a major rearrangement of the irrigation network in Punjab. This clearly explains Pakistans insistence on making Chenab the basis of the international bo rder and including parts of Jammu and not merely the Kashmir valley, under its jurisdiction. Moreover, it provides strategic depth for the Mangla Dam. Thus, the Chenab Formula would be the preferred solution for Pakistan but will have grave consequences for India. Apart from losing out on the state of Jammu and Kashmir which will lead many other complications, this formula will also see India losing out on its water resources emanating from Jammu and Kashmir. Whatever flexibility that India has due its limited rights over three Northern Rivers will be forsaken for no apparent advantage. Therefore, if hostility reach a degree where Pakistan formally proposes the Chenab Formula, and not merely as a suggestion in track-two diplomacy, Indias response should be in the negative and belligerent. Valley Formula[3] Since Chenab Formula and the resultant division of Jammu portends war, consider an alternate solution, put forward by some experts, of handing over the Valley of Kashmir to Pakistan. Pakistans ISI acts on the belief that it can conquer the Valley of Kashmir by low intensity insurgency. If we were to consider a future scenario in which Pakistan with the aid of terrorist groups have managed to capture to the Valley of Kashmir which has always been its intention than the consequences of such an action for Pakistan would indeed be grave. Apart from other military and economic action which India would be bound to carry out the natural lay of the Indus water system will place Pakistan in great discomfort. Indias response would be to block the flow of the Chenab River into Pakistan thereby depriving Pakistan of major tributary for the Indus. Technically it is possible to divert the water of the Chenab River and join it with the Ravi, thus retaining Chenab for Indias sole use. Under such circumstances, Pakistan would head for disaster, foremost because the water flows in the Indus River would drastically reduce, as the Jhelum would be the only main tributary. The Indus River could dry up even before reaching the Arabian Sea. This would have serious repercussions on Pakistans economy. The extreme consequence of the scenario of losing Chenab to India, and the Valley of Kashmir becoming the base for redrawing the map, would be the entire reworking of the canal and irrigation system in Pakistan. It is therefore very clear that even capturing the Kashmir valley will not solve Pakistans problem. In fact such an action will only increase Pakistan vulnerability due to water scarcity. The preceding paragraphs have also brought out the immense importance of the corridor through which Chenab flows into Pakistan and same can also be examined in light of repeated Pakistanis attempts to capture this area in the past. The other point that stands out is that India is at an advantage vis -a-vis Pakistan due the geographical location of the Indus water Rivers. How does India take advantage of this? One area of immediate concern for India will be to meet its water requirement for the future. The water potential of the Beas, Satluj and Ravi has already been exploited by India. Therefore this means that the only option left is the exploitation of the Northern Rivers. What are the repercussions of such an action? As long as India uses these Northern Rivers within the provision of the IWT there would be no major objections from Pakistan but a breach of the treaty will surely invite conflagration of hostilities from our neighbours. Moreover if India wants to project itself as a responsible country willing to shoulder greater responsibility in line with its growing economic status than such an action will have detrimental results. An unstable neighbourhood as it is will deny India of any advantage that it a ccrues fro abrogation of the treaty. The above arguments elucidates that India does not have many options. As is the case with Pakistan belligerence over water is not going to solve any problem in fact it will create more. The resource available is meant for use of both the countries and has been done throughout history and therefore there is no reasons why both the countries cannot strive for a integrated development approach of the Indus basin and division of water resources is done not based on geographical partition of rivers but based on actual needs and appropriate sharing. Integrated Development Approach A sustainable solution is possible only if it is based on a win-win formula. Currently, the root of the problem lies in the lack of harmony between the interests of Pakistan and India and Jammu Kashmir. Pakistan needs Jammu Kashmir to build dams to divert water flows to Punjab and Sindh wheras India is frustrated at seeing precious resource flowing unabated into Pakistan.. On the other hand, Jammu Kashmir needs to come out of the Indus Waters Treaty to improve its own irrigation, hydro-electricity and employment prospects. The irony is that deeper the conflict grows between Punjab and Sindh in Pakistan, the greater would be the desperation of Pakistans military to annex Kashmir, resulting in increase in terrorism in Jammu Kashmir and all over India. More the tensions mount, greater are pressures on New Delhi to take a hard line against Pakistan. It is imperative for both India and Pakistan to envisage comprehensive development and planning in the River Basin. A holistic approach to water resources recognizing the interaction and economic linkages between water, land, the users, the environment and infrastructure is necessary to evade the impending water crisis in the subcontinent. The development of such a plan would require vast amount of financial and technical resources. It should be possible to mobilise such resources from around the world, perhaps with the World Bank agencies playing the lead role. The integrated development approach is Utopian. It is only possible with a paradigm shift in mindset and complete end to hostilities, both physical and psychological. The prerequisite of such an approach would be the following[4]:- Complete end to terrorism. Change in mindset in Pakistan about using Kashmiri youth as a tool to ensure Punjabs prosperity and consolidate control over an increasingly alienated Sindh. Acceptance by both, India and Pakistan, to treat Kashmir for the good of the Kashmiri people, and increase efficiency in domestic water management. Restoration of mutual trust and confidence between both countries. Benefit sharing is widely touted as the solution to water conflicts around the world, although operationalizing the concept is tricky. Benefit sharing is appealing because it shifts away from a volume driven approach to a more ecological approach that specifies and shares the benefit derived from the water source. For countries to participate in a cooperative framework, benefit sharing must offer rewards greater than those of unilateral action[5] . Many would argue that given the level of animosity between the two countries such an approach is impractical. One must wonder if it is, in fact, a viable alternative. Should it not prove to be an acceptable alternative than the future seems bleak for India Pakistan relations? A careful approach to the problem will divulge that this approach is the only practical way of solving future water problems. For an equitable and sustainable management of shared water resources, flexible, holistic approach of integrated water resource management is required, which can cater to hydrological variations in time and space and changes in socio-economic needs along with the societal values[6] . Given the commonality of water resources, the commonality of their utilization, and the commonality of the emergent issues, there is clearly a strong case for meaningful interaction between the scientific institutions and water management agencies across the region[7].This would include information sharing, collaborative studies, capacity building, and technology exchange. Rather than expending huge amount of money in building up offensive potential integration of interest will go a long way in building peace and harmony in the region. There is a need to establish a suitable regulatory framework that aims at integrated water management rather that just geographical division of water resources. With an ap propriate regulatory structure, cross border transactions in volving water services could be a significant source of employment, economic growth and livelihood security[8]. Spotlight on Indus River Diplomacy,Robert G Wirsing and Christopher Jasparro, APCSS Waslekar, The Final Settlement, pp. 47-53, 73-78. ibid, pp. 47-53, 73-78. Ibid , pp 53. Climate Change and Water: Examining the Interlinkages, Jayashree Vivekanandan and Sreeja Nair, Troubled Waters by David Michel and Amit Pandya. Water Resources of India, Rakesh Kumar, RD Singh and KD Singh, Current Science, Vol 89, No 5 , Sep 2005 ,pp804. South Asian Perspective on Climate Change and water policy, Ashok Jaitly, Troubled Waters by David Michel and Amit Pandya. The Management of Inter State Rivers as Demand Grows and Supplies Tighten Ben Crow and Nirvikar Singh, MPRA accessed on line at mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de

An Ethical Dilemma Essay -- Animal Rights

According to Viren Swami, a professor at the University of Westminster, â€Å"animal testing, or animal research, refers to the use of animals in experiments within academic, research, or commercial establishments† (Christopher, 269). Sounds simple enough, but Swami does not mention how this testing affects the animals or why this is such a controversial issue among the public. M.J. Prescott, from the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animal Research, makes a very good point when he says that: Many people, including from within the scientific community, consider that the use of NHPs [nonhuman primates] in research is a matter of particular ethical concern because certain features NHPs share with humans, such as their highly developed nervous systems, cognitive complexity and intense sociality, have implications for the level or nature of suffering they might experience during experiments and are therefore morally relevant. (14) The close relationship between NHPs and humans is one of the reasons why so many people care about the use of NHPs in medical research. Based off of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, many people believe that humans evolved from primates which would make them the next-to-kin of human beings. This close relationship makes NHPs the best option to get the most accurate results from a medical experiment, but it also makes them the animal that most humans sympathize with. Using any kind of animal for medical research is wrong because it is wrong to inflict pain or cause premature death to an animal, there has been a significant increase in the number of NHPs in research, and there is no way for animals to give their informed consent to be used in medical research. One of... ...: 269+. Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Prescott, M. J. "Ethics Of Primate Use." Advances In Science & Research 5.(2010): 11-22. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Singh, Jatinder. "The National Centre For The Replacement, Refinement, And Reduction Of Animals In Research." Journal Of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 3.1 (2012): 87-89. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Tremayne-Lloyd, Tracey, and Gary Srebrolow. "Research Ethics Approval For Human And Animal Experimentation: Consequences Of Failing To Obtain Approval - Including Legal And Professional Liability." Journal Of The Canadian Chiropractic Association 51.1 (2007): 56-60. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Westly, Erica. "Animal Rights Activists Try A More Creative Legal Tactic." Nature Medicine 16.5 (2010): 501. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Justice in the Book of Job Essay -- essays research papers

Does the Book of Job strengthen your faith in God’s justice? Why does God allow Satan to cause such tragedy in Job’s life, a man whom God has already acknowledged as â€Å"my servant Job, that there is none like on the earth, a blameless and upright man, who fears God and turns away from evil?†(1.8) From the beginning, it is known that Job is in no way deserving of his injustices, so a reason must be given. God gives Job an opportunity to prove that under any circumstances Job will still have faith. This simply a test for Job. The whole Book is a â€Å"double† journey for Job -- he shows God his faith and realizes the faith God has that Job will not stray from his path. Job knows deep down that God has not forsaken him. God deserves to be praised simply on the basis of who he is, apart from the b...

Comparison Between the Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice and Hamlet Essay

In Elizabethan and Jacobean society, people depended on surprises in highly theatrical entertainment. The playhouses hosted popular theatre performances without stage-sets or props. Unlike today’s modern theatre, the simple ‘stage allowed for swift, fluid action and a concentration on language’. The Jacobean stage would have bought the colours of ‘language’ to life. For example, A vice figure like Iago would use exaggerated words and gestures to stress his strong feeling of antagonism towards Othello. Likewise, a melancholic Hamlet would experiment with words in an overstated manner (to show his conflicted state of mind). The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice (Act I, Scene I) and Hamlet (Act III, Scene IIII) directs the plays to there catastrophic endings. However, the language portrays the relationship between characters in different ways. In Othello, Iago exploits the power of language to manipulate his â€Å"family† and â€Å"friends† and make them puppets for his revenge plan. In Hamlet, the relationship is also one without trust, but it is presented in a quietly deceitful way. The protagonist feels his private life being usurped by spies: Claudio and Polonius. Act I, Scene I of Othello is striking for today’s audience, and the contemporary audience of the time, since it is abounded in coarse animalistic imagery. Iago uses crude language as a persuasive approach. He understands that Brabanzio embodies a Eurocentric view, so he speaks in offensive terms in order to tempt Brabanzio to believe his words. Derogatory references such as ‘old black ram’, ‘coursers for cousins’ and ‘jennets’ evoke a strong sense of hate and prejudice. Metaphorical expressions like ‘coursers’ and ‘jennets’ completely dehumanize Othello. They are also a reminder of the social context, since Othello would have been played by a white actor in the Jacobean period. Iago’s language is concentrated on the colour of Othello’s skin; he describes him as a ‘black ram’ that will breed a generation of horses because of his ‘black’ skin colour and African heritage. The Jacobean audience would have understood how Iago’s poisonous slanders are targeted towards ‘the Moor’, (because of racial differences). Therefore the audience may have shared a similar view on black Africans in Jacobean society. Iago expresses the stark contrasts between the colours ‘black’ and ‘white’. In Shakespeare’s day, blackness was primarily associated with ‘witchcraft’ and ‘voodoo’ while a ‘white ewe’ would be representative of goodness and purity. Rather ironically Iago embodies these racial stereotypes: he does not refer to Othello by his name but as ‘the Moor’. This suggests how Iago exploits Brabanzio’s fatherly love and vulnerability. He is aware that Brabanzio finds it abominable that his daughter can be snatched away in the hands of ‘the Moor’. Consequently, he abuses the use of animal imagery and the conventional colours (‘black and ‘white’) to produce a desirable response. Like Queen Gertrude who passionately cries ‘thou hast cleft my heart in twain’! Brabanzio is also moved by Iago’s lethal words. Powerful images such as ‘tupping your white ewe’ are highly sexual: they therefore have the capacity to cause an explosive reaction. Brabanzio panics frantically, ‘This incident is not unlike my dream; belief of it oppresses me already’. The other characters reactions are indicative of the inevitable destruction that follows as a result of Hamlet and Iago’s ability to influence their rivals through speech. Hamlet’s potent words are ‘like daggers’, thus they are likely to initiate a reaction. However, he uses a persuasive approach that is different to Iago’s. In comparison to Iago’s spontaneous dialogue, Hamlet’s language is more meaningful because it carries the weight of truth. He does not talk figuratively, but uses simple and indisputable facts: ‘A murderer and a villain [†¦] That from a shelf the precious diadem stole and put it in his pocket’. This approach is more likely to disturb the audience because it is full of Hamlet’s fanatical truth. The antagonist of the play (Claudius) is described as ‘A murderer and a villain’ who usurped the Kings position and ‘put it in his pocket’. Unlike Iago’s vulgar language (that is only useful in influencing Roderigo) Hamlet’s use of imagery is effective in persuading the audience, himself, and Queen Gertrude that his rage and revenge is actually permissible. This is because Hamlets revenge is bound with the facts of reality and not with treacherous lies. However, Iago’s language is also effective in showing how his drive for revenge lacks true motive. Hamlet is an ambitious character, yet he feels his father’s cruel murder morally validates him to gain revenge. Iago on the other hand, seizes the opportunity to tell his story of why he hates ‘the Moor’, but the audience find that there is no legitimate reason for him to plot against Othello. He bitterly argues that he deserves the position as ‘lieutenant’: ‘I am worth no worse a place’. Iago also wishes to settle scores with Othello ‘wife for wife’, because he imagines Othello to have had a sexual relationship with Emilia. This makes it obvious to the audience how Iago’s extreme jealousy and bitterness compels him to poison the ears of everyone with lies. However, In Hamlet the audience feel the strong sense of betrayal and deceit, thus they sympathise with Hamlet’s plight because he (unlike Iago) is a genuine victim. Every time Hamlet answers his mother he clearly manifests the reasons for his hatred: ‘Here is your husband [†¦] blasting his wholesome brother’. His words are like a passionate outcry, they desperately try to convey his true intentions. On a Jacobean stage Hamlet maybe erratically gesturing ‘Here is your husband’ to show a sense of connectedness to his fathers death and his revenge. Hamlet is perceived as being mad, yet his words embody more philosophical meaning, truth and depth then Iago’s. The image he creates through his language indicates that his intentions are purposeful. For example, unlike Iago’s futile animalistic language, Hamlet’s words tell a story: ‘you have my father much offended’. The personal pronoun ‘my’ emphasises how he is trying to justify his anger and suggest that his acts and thoughts are occurring in response to the offence Gertrude and Claudius have caused. Similar to Iago’s fierce language, Hamlet’s words are also charged with violent energy. He vehemently questions his mother: ‘Have you eyes’? [†¦] have you eyes? The echo of the words ‘Have you eyes’ emphasizes a sense of deep contemplation and suggests how Hamlet is making a moral statement. Iago and Hamlet express their drive for revenge in passionate terms. Hamlet compels his mother to see how her marriage with Claudius is immoral, ‘where is thy blush’? This instigates the question of how a madman’s words can be deeply introspective. Hamlet is presented as an enigmatic chameleon because of the complex ambiguities in his language. However, this contrasts to how defiant he sounds when he fearlessly answers his mother in this scene: Gertrude asks ‘what have I done’ and Hamlet bluntly replies ‘Such an act that [†¦] calls virtue hypocrite’ II. 39-41. This evokes his sense of bitter resentment for being betrayed by his family. Similarly, Iago appears to be sharply responsive. The difference lies where Hamlet communicates the truth directly to his enemies, while Iago shrewdly conceals his true self. Iago shoots insults at Othello: (such as ‘Barbary horse’) so that he is reduced to the â€Å"savageness† of an animal. A 16th century audience would have been animated and much more receptive towards such insults; consequently they were more likely to have responded to Iago’s crude puns. For example, the word ‘Barbary’ is associated with barbarism and the ferocious speed of a North African horse. (This can have sexual implications, indicating that the ‘white ewe’ and the ‘old black ram’ have eloped together, where they are said to be ‘making the beast with two backs’. Language also plays a vital part in demonstrating the relationship between characters in Othello and Hamlet. Unlike Hamlet who is acting alone, Iago’s manipulative nature makes everyone partake in his scheme for revenge. His poisonous slanders seep in to the minds of his puppets, so that they feel bound to rely on his fabricated stories and the visual evidence that he presents. Iago understands that Roderigo depends on his support to win over Desdemona, he is also conscious of how Othello’s marriage with Desdemona will ignite Roderigo’s desire for revenge. He elaborately tells his tale of why he hates ‘the Moor’ in order to strategically plant even more hatred in Roderigo’s mind. Iago acts sympathetic towards his plight: ‘Why, there’s no remedy. `Tis the curse of service’. Like Hamlet’s sharp â€Å"idle† tongue, Iago’s words are a destructive force responsible for his own downfall. Language such as ‘Why, there’s no remedy’ gives the illusion that his thoughts are pre-mediated in order to create a desired effect. He wishes to manipulate Roderigo by stringing him along with his shrewd words. Consequently, the audience see that Roderigo is easily moved: ‘I rather would have been his hangman’. His tone of voice foreshadows the turmoil that will unfold in the play because he is poisoned by Iago’s words. Furthermore, Iago exploits the art of language to manipulate people and intrude upon their lives. He convinces Brabanzio that his daughter has in fact eloped with his worse fear, a black African. Iago’s astute nature means that he is aware of how to plot against Othello. Roderigo and Iago racially abuse him, calling him ‘thick lips’. However, Iago’s intrusive behaviour towards Othello contrasts with the ‘spying and surveillance’ scene in Hamlet. This is because Iago playfully experiments with words in order to cause hostility. Whereas in Hamlet, the lack of trust means that the antagonists infringe upon Hamlets life in a secretive manner. This scene is a vivid example of how the characters are constantly observing each other, like a predator watching its prey. When Hamlet wanders in to his mother’s private chamber, the first thing he would expect is to be alone with her. However, the stage direction reveals how ‘POLONIUS hides behind the arras’. Like Iago’s destructive invasiveness, this act of intrusion instantly provokes fear. This is because the audience would be well aware of Hamlets inconsistent thoughts and erratic behaviour. Hamlet’s relationship between characters can also be seen to resemble the nature of Iago. This is because Hamlet becomes a product of his own corrupt society: when he acts out of impulse his revenge loses all of its meaning. Hamlet is no longer a betrayed and lonely man (who the audience sympathised with) but a vice figure and a destructive force comparable to Iago. The stage directions suggest that when Hamlet thrusts his sword through the arras and kills Polonius he truly displays elements of insanity. He acts instantaneously, discarding the need to first check who is behind the arras. Thus, after killing Polonius Hamlet displays no sign of emotion or disbelief. Hamlets act mimics the selfish nature of Iago (as he has no emotional attachment with other characters). In Hamlet and Othello, there is a major theme of deceit and betrayal that invades the plays scenes. Hamlet and Iago’s language reveals a lot about the social context and the motive driving their passion for revenge. By the end of the scene Hamlet is left completely isolated from his society, he does not feel inclined to show any sign of formal love for his family. His lack of trust impels him to act erratically by blindly killing Polonius. In a similar way, Act I, Scene I of Othello begins with Roderigo questioning Iago whether he truly hates ‘the Moor’ :‘I take it much unkindly [†¦] Iago who hast had my purse As if the strings were thine, shouldst know this’. This invokes the general theme of deceit in the scene, and establishes how Iago is duplicitous like Hamlet. The same way Hamlet conceals his sanity from the world, Iago exploits the power of language to disguise himself in order to continue controlling his victims.

Understanding Deviance and the Criminal Justice System

Deviance has been one of the most apparent behaviors or actions of people who commit and engage themselves in violent crimes. By thoroughly understanding its delineated characterization in John J. Macionis’ Sociology, this behavior in most cases violates the established cultural norms which include lawfully enacted rules and even informal defiance of social customs (Chapter 9). The criminal justice system continuously reforms its standards and practices to efficiently maintain social control and crime to carry out proper sanctioning of people who infringe the law.The foremost goal of each society’s correctional theory is to furnish preclusion to the deviant behaviors of some citizens. The success of the current criminal justice system has been in great argument due to the fact that several people who had spent some time in state prison or jail did not change their whole being to the betterment of themselves and the society. The correctional system faces diverse issues a nd challenges in organizing and operating jails in coping up to the above concerns.The facilities and design of the prison are very significant to exhibit a detention cell that can accommodate the necessities of the prisoners but also administer incarceration and imprisonment to the highest level. Though, modern prison cells and jails are now proficient to progressively prohibit the movements of the prisoners in the facility while providing utmost level of direct custody, the overcapacity of prisoners give way to the utilization of other large buildings like gymnasiums to house huge number of offenders which almost establish likely as dormitories rather than prisons.This might be seen as a straight opposition to the punishment that the law offenders should received, and so make them realize that jail is not as strict and as firm as it should be and going back to such state is not hard to accept when they commit another crime. Due to the possibility of former convicted people to do a nother offense once freed, the rehabilitation program has been sought as one of the major reforms to adhere at this moment. Efforts could greatly be provided to the reformation of not only the penal system but the individuals themselves.Successful and effectual imprisonment curriculum decreases the likelihood of another wrongdoing or recidivism in the future (Andrews and Bonta, 2003). This would also bestow a goal which will fix the deficiencies in the offender and bring them back to the society as a more productive citizen. Moreover, the rehabilitation program will provide the prisoners with work skills; education, proper decorum lessons and self discipline which will equip them with the most appropriate social skills when they step out of detention.Hirchi’s Control Theory discusses four main social controls that can be attached to the rehabilitation program. He conferred: Strong social attachments promote conformity. The more the offenders get access to the justifiable and legitimate opportunity, the greater the possibility of conformity. Deviance can be inhibited through extensive participation in legitimate activities. Deviance can be controlled through sturdy belief in conventional respect and morality for the authority (qtd. in Macionis, Chapter 9).Rehabilitation theories, however, received many arguments that need to be addressed when pursued and mainly incorporated to the penal system. One main issue is the non-availability of scientific research in determining the reaction levels of individuals who will undergo the rehabilitation. This is important in determining the success rate of the rehabilitation scheme. Another concern being raised is the method or philosophy to be utilized for the offender. Resources and funds for the program appear to be too costly and complicated to successfully implement.The complexities of the processes to be used are also being questioned. This is because a modification in the values or behavior of the offenders can traumatically change the behavioral structure of the individual. Though there are still many quandaries being raised, the rehabilitation reform can be practiced in the penal system with appropriate resources. Studies should also be developed in answering the queries being raised by people who believe that extending sentences and making the detention cells and prisons a less desirable place than it is today.The deterrence of crime through a more rigid and strict penal system is a broader path to take by the authorities rather than the rehabilitation program. This is because while offenders may have committed heinous or violent crimes, they are still human beings with rights to take in consideration at all times. Despite the fact that, prisoners are deprived of freedom, they are still fully entitled to their human rights.Furthermore, the criminal justice system’s main objective is defined by the President’s Commission as a stand for the society to â€Å"†enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community. † Prison reform is far from being over. While crime is prevalent, a more effective penal system should also be utilized. The legal and penal system of a society provides a gauge into the government’s law and order to include morality, it is always best to seek reform for the betterment of the offenders rather than harder punishments that callous not only their individuality but also their souls.